09月22日, 2014 161次
和根据规划局
我看了一下 有你要的 你按多几页 就会有很多的了 我就不帮你下载了吧
Dragon Boat Festival The Dragon Boat Festival ,also called the Duanwu Festival ,is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth month according to the Chinese calendar.People always eat rice dumplings and watch dragon boat races to celebrate i Dragon Boat Festival The Dragon Boat Festival ,also called the Duanwu Festival ,is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth month according to the Chinese calendar.People always eat rice dumplings and watch dragon boat races to celebrate it. The festival is best known for its dragon-boat races,especially in the southern places where there are many rivers and lakes. Ití»s very popular. The rice dumpling is made of glutinous rice,meat and so on. You can eat different kinds of rice dumplings.They are very delicious. And Dragon Boat Festival is for Qu Yuan. He is an honest minister who is said to have committed suicide by drowning himself in a river. Overall, the Dragon Boat Festival is very interesting!第二篇The Chinese Dragon Boat FestivalThe Dragon Boat Festival is a lunar holiday, occurring on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month The Chinese Dragon Boat Festival is a significant holiday celebrated in China, and the one with the longest history. The Dragon Boat Festival is celebrated by boat races in the shape of dragons. Competing teams row their boats forward to a drumbeat racing to reach the finish end first. The boat races during the Dragon Boat Festival are traditional customs to attempts to rescue the patriotic poet Chu Yuan. Chu Yuan drowned on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month in 277 B.C. Chinese citizens now throw bamboo leaves filled with cooked rice into the water. Therefore the fish could eat the rice rather than the hero poet. This later on turned into the custom of eating tzungtzu and rice dumplings.The celebration's is a time for protection from evil and disease for the rest of the year. It is done so by different practices such as hanging healthy herbs on the front door, drinking nutritious concoctions, and displaying portraits of evil's nemesis, Chung Kuei. If one manages to stand an egg on it's end at exactly 12:00 noon, 本回答被网友采纳
我有个英文版的PPT你直接去文库搜索英语2-230灯笼PPT
NO
中文:俄罗斯独特的民俗风情"英文在下面喔"俄罗斯人对酒怀有一种特殊的情结。女士们一般喜欢喝香槟酒和果酒，而伏特加则是男士们的至爱。俄罗斯人喜欢喝纯粹的白酒，并喜欢大杯大杯地豪饮下去。这是他们豪爽浪漫、不拘小节性格的反映。 俄罗斯有用面包和盐迎接贵客的习惯。一进酒店，就见两个象从童话里走出来的盛装俄罗斯姑娘款款走上前，她们亲切地行礼，然后递给你一块圆面包，面包上边放着一个小盐缸。您撕下一小块面包，沾上盐吃了。用面包和盐接待客人，是因为盐在历史上是很昂贵的，沿袭至今，表示对贵客的友好和尊重。 套偶或套娃是俄罗斯最典型、最普及的民间工艺品之一。套偶是用彩色油漆加以描绘，大多穿传统的俄罗斯民间服饰，包着头巾，提着小花篮，煞是鲜艳可爱。套娃的价格随着木头的质量和制作工艺的精细程度不同，便宜的有1至3美元。 俄罗斯的人名常常令中国人头痛，俄罗斯的姓名全部由名字，父称和姓三部分组成，又有小名，爱称和呢称，名字相当于中国人的大名，即正式名字。大名与小名，爱称是相互对应的。在实际交流中，直呼大名是非常必要的。苏联时期，最常用的称呼是同志和公民，而如今，男士和女士则是常用的，“母申娜”即男人，男士的读音，“接物什嘎”则是女士，姑娘、小姐的称呼。从十几岁到五、六十岁都可以用，对上了年纪的女性，千万别叫人家老奶奶“巴布什嘎”，那是极不礼貌的，俄罗斯怕别人说她老。对小伙子，可直呼“年轻人”。 礼仪方面，送鲜花是最佳的礼物，可一定要记住，送花一定要送单数。巧克力则是万能的礼物，价值不必太高，正应了“礼轻情义重”。中国人若给亲戚朋友带礼物，木套娃娃是首选。木套娃娃也叫“玛特辽什卡”，是由小到大一层一层套起来的。大披肩、木雕制品，军服、军用水壶、纪念章、水晶制品，以及望远镜，夜视仪、工艺手表、怀表等。大个的还有俄式茶饮。俄制的伏特加酒也是上好的礼物。英语：Russia's unique folk customsThe russians on wine have a special complex. Ladies generally like to drink champagne and wine, and vodka is men's most beloved. Russians like pure white wine, and like mugs big cup to drink down. This is their gracious romantic, informal section of the character of the reflection.Russia useful bread and salt to meet the honored guest habit. A the hotel, and beheld two from a fairy tales out of the Russian girl dressed tender go forward, they affectionately smartly, then handed you a piece of bread rolls, put a little above salt cylinder. You piece of bread with the salt to eat. With bread and salt reception guests, because salt in history is very expensive, has followed so far, say to the honored guest friendly and respect.Set of OuHuo sets conditions is Russia's most typical, one of the most popular folk handicraft. Set of accidentally is using color paint describe, mostly to wear traditional Russian folk dress wrapped head scarf, carrying a-tisket, very bright and lovely. Sets conditions price with wood quality and production process, fine different degree of cheap has $1 to $3.Russia's names always make Chinese headache, Russia's name all by name, the father says and last name three components, and have great gabito, nickname and say, name is equivalent to the Chinese name, namely formal name. Name and great gabito, nickname is mutual correspond. In the actual exchange, to keep shout name is very necessary. The Soviet period, most commonly called a comrade and citizen, and nowadays, men and women are common, "mother ShenNa" namely man, man pronunciation, "connect content assorted honk" is a lady, girl, miss titles. The teen years to five, sixty years old, can use for older women, don't call somebody else granny "ba bush quack,", that is highly polite, Russia are afraid of being said she old. For boys, can keep shout "youth".Etiquette, send a flower is the greatest of gifts, but must remember, flower must send singular. Chocolate is universal gift, value needn't too high, should be "that counts. Chinese if give relatives and friends to bring a gift, wood set of dolls are preferred. Wood of doll also called "matvey, liao assorted card", is small to large layer sets up. Shawl, wood products, uniforms, the military kettle, mementoes, crystal products, as well as telescopes, night-vision goggles, craft watches, pocket watch, etc. Large and Russian tea drink. Of Russian of vodka is the best gift.
Russia , also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia,Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the U.S.state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is thelargest country in the world, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the world's ninth most populous nation with 143 million people as of 2012. Extending across the whole ofnorthern Asia, Russia spans nine time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil andnatural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves. Its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's liquid fresh water, 20% in Lake Baikal alone.The nation's history began with that of the East Slavs, who emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, themedieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium.Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde. The Grand Duchy of Moscowgradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of Kievan Rus'. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland in Europe to Alaska in North America.Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Soviet Union, the world's first constitutionally socialist state and a recognized superpower, which played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human spaceflight. The Russian Federation became the successor state of the Russian SFSR following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, and is recognized as the continuing legal personality of the All-Union state.The Russian economy is the world's eighth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity, with the 3rd largest nominal military budget. Russia is one of the world's fastest growing major economies. It is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, a member of the G8, G20, the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Eurasian Economic Community, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the World Trade Organisation (WTO), and is the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States.摘自维基百科
RussiaRussia is a country in northern Eurasia.It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders withNorway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the U.S. state of Alaska across theBering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the world's ninth most populous nation with 143 million people as of 2012.Extending across the whole of northern Asia, Russia spans nine time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves. Its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's liquid fresh water, 20% in Lake Baikalalone.The nation's history began with that of the East Slavs, who emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire,[16] beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that definedRussian culture for the next millennium.Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde.The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of Kievan Rus'. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become theRussian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland in Europe to Alaska in North America.Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Soviet Union, the world's first constitutionally socialist state and a recognized superpower,which played a decisive role in the Allied victory inWorld War II.The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world'sfirst human spaceflight. The Russian Federation became the successor state of the Russian SFSR following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, and is recognized as the continuing legal personality of the All-Union state.The Russian economy is the world's eighth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity, with the 3rd largestnominal military budget. Russia is one of the world's fastest growing major economies. It is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power and a permanent member of theUnited Nations Security Council, a member of the G8, G20, the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Eurasian Economic Community, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the World Trade Organisation (WTO), and is the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States.The name Russia is derived from Rus, a medieval state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this proper name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants "Русская Земля" (russkaya zemlya) which could be translated as "Russian Land" or "Land of Rus'". In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus' by modern historiography. The name Rus itself comes from Rus people, a group of Varangians (possibly Swedish Vikings) who founded the state of Rus (Русь).An old Latin version of the name Rus' was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus' that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия (Rossiya), comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus', Ρωσσία Rossía—spelt Ρωσία (Rosía pronounced [roˈsia]) inModern Greek.
整体还可以，谢谢了！😘😘😘
Culture is a very broad and most humane concept. In a word, culture is a general term for the forms of living elements of regional human beings, namely, clothing, articles, things, food, shelter and travel. 文化(culture)是非常广泛和最具人文意味的概念，简单来说文化就是地区人类的生活要素形态的统称:即衣、冠、文、物、食、住、行等。It is difficult to define a culture accurately or precisely. The concept of culture has been interpreted in different ways. 给文化下一个准确或精确的定义，的确是一件非常困难的事情。对文化这个概念的解读，人类也一直众说不一。However, there is a common explanation and understanding in the dictionaries and encyclopedias of the east and the west: culture is the total spiritual activity and product of human activities relative to politics and economy.但东西方的辞书或百科中却有一个较为共同的解释和理解:文化是相对于政治、经济而言的人类全部精神活动及其活动产品。参考资料：文化的哲学定义:The philosophical definition of culture:文化是相对于经济、政治而言的人类全部精神活动及其产品。Culture is all human mental activities and products relative to economy and politics.文化是智慧群族的一切群族社会现象与群族内在精神的既有，传承，创造，发展的总和。Culture is the sum total of all groups of social groups and the inherent spirit of the group.它涵括智慧群族从过去到未来的历史，是群族基于自然的基础上所有活动内容。是群族所有物质表象与精神内在的整体。It encompasses the history of the swarm of wisdom from the past to the future, and is the activity of all groups based on nature. It is the whole material representation and spiritual inner unity of a group.具体人类文化内容指群族的历史、地理、风土人情、传统习俗，工具，附属物、生活方式、宗教信仰，文学艺术、规范，律法，制度、思维方式、价值观念、审美情趣，精神图腾等等The specific human culture content refers to the history, geography, customs and customs of the group, the tools, the appendages, the way of life, the religious belief, the art of literature, the law, the law, the system, the way of thinking, the values, the aesthetic interest, the spiritual totem, and so on.参考资料：文化culture（英文单词）（来自百度百科）
Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate")[1] generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance. Cultures can be "understood as systems of symbols and meanings that even their creators contest, that lack fixed boundaries, that are constantly in flux, and that interact and compete with one another"文化（来自于colere的拉丁文化，意为“培养”）1通常指的是人类活动的模式和赋予这些活动意义和重要性的符号结构。文化可以被“理解为符号和意义的系统，即使是他们的创造者，缺乏固定的边界，不断变化，相互影响，相互竞争”。Culture can be defined as all the ways of life including arts, beliefs and institutions of a population that are passed down from generation to generation. Culture has been called "the way of life for an entire society."[3] As such, it includes codes of manners, dress, language, religion, rituals, norms of behavior such as law and morality, and systems of belief as well as the art.文化可以被定义为所有的生活方式，包括艺术、信仰和人口的制度，这些都是代代相传的。文化被称为“整个社会的生活方式”。因此，它包括礼仪、服饰、语言、宗教、仪式、行为规范，如法律和道德，以及信仰和艺术。Cultural anthropologists most commonly use the term "culture" to refer to the universal human capacity and activities to classify, codify and communicate their experiences materially and symbolically. Scholars have long viewed this capacity as a defining feature of humans (although some primatologists have identified aspects of culture such as learned tool making and use among humankind's closest relatives in the animal kingdom).文化人类学家最常使用“文化”一词来指代人类的普遍能力和活动，从物质上和象征意义上对他们的经历进行分类、编纂和交流。长期以来，学者们一直认为这种能力是人类的一个决定性特征（尽管一些灵长类动物学家已经确定了文化的某些方面，比如在动物王国中人类最亲密的亲戚之间的学习工具制造和使用）。Culture is manifested in human artifacts and activities such as music, literature, lifestyle, food, painting and sculpture, theater and film.[5] Although some scholars identify culture in terms of consumption and consumer goods (as in high culture, low culture, folk culture, or popular culture),[6] anthropologists understand "culture" to refer not only to consumption goods, but to the general processes which produce such goods and give them meaning, and to the social relationships and practices in which such objects and processes become embedded. For them, culture thus includes art, science, as well as moral systems.文化表现在人类的手工艺品和活动中，如音乐、文学、生活方式、食物、绘画和雕塑、戏剧和电影。尽管一些学者而言,识别文化消费和消费品(如文化高、低文化、民俗文化,或流行文化),人类学家理解“文化”不仅指消费产品,但一般流程生产这样的产品,给他们的含义,以及社会关系和实践成为嵌入的对象和过程。对他们来说，文化包括艺术、科学和道德体系。Various definitions of culture reflect differing theories for understanding, or criteria for evaluating, human activity. Writing from the perspective of social anthropology in the UK, Tylor in 1874 described culture in the following way: "Culture or civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."不同的文化定义反映了不同的理解理论，或者是评估人类活动的标准。写作从社会人类学的角度在英国,泰勒1874年文化在以下描述道:“文化或文明,在其广泛的人类学的意义上说,是复杂的整体,其中包括知识,信仰,艺术,道德,法律,习俗,和任何其他的能力和习惯被人作为社会的一员。”Rock engravings in Gobustan, Azerbaijan indicate a thriving culture dating around 10,000 BC.More recently, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) (2002) described culture as follows: "... culture should be regarded as the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs".阿塞拜疆哥布斯坦的岩石雕刻表明，在公元前1万年左右，一种繁荣的文化。最近，联合国教育、科学及文化组织（教科文组织）（2002年）将文化描述为："。文化应被视为社会或社会群体的一套独特的精神、物质、智力和情感特征，除了艺术和文学之外，它还包括生活方式、生活方式、价值体系、传统和信仰。While these two definitions cover a range of meaning, they do not exhaust the many uses of the term "culture." In 1952, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of "culture" in Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions.虽然这两个定义涵盖了一系列的含义，但它们并没有耗尽“文化”这个词的许多用法。1952年，Alfred Kroeber和Clyde Kluckhohn编制了一份文化中“文化”的164个定义：对概念和定义的批判性回顾。These definitions, and many others, provide a catalog of the elements of culture. The items catalogued (e.g., a law, a stone tool, a marriage) each have an existence and life-line of their own. They come into space-time at one set of coordinates and go out of it another. While here, they change, so that one may speak of the evolution of the law or the tool.这些定义，以及其他许多定义，提供了文化元素的目录。编目的项目（例如，法律、石器、婚姻）各有其自身的存在和生命线。它们在一组坐标中进入时空，然后从另一组坐标中走出来。在这里，他们改变了，所以人们可能会谈论法律或工具的演变。A culture, then, is by definition at least, a set of cultural objects. Anthropologist Leslie White asked: "What sort of objects are they? Are they physical objects? Mental objects? Both? Metaphors? Symbols? Reifications?" In Science of Culture (1949), he concluded that they are objects "sui generis"; that is, of their own kind. In trying to define that kind, he hit upon a previously unrealized aspect of symbolization, which he called "the symbolate"—an object created by the act of symbolization. He thus defined culture as "symbolates understood in an extra-somatic context."[10] The key to this definition is the discovery of the symbolate.因此，一种文化，至少从定义上来说，是一套文化对象。人类学家莱斯利怀特问道：“他们是什么东西？”他们是物理对象吗?精神的对象?都有?比喻吗?符号?一个个符号吗?”在文化科学（1949年）中，他得出结论，他们是“隋代”的对象;这是他们自己的。在试图定义这种类型的时候，他偶然发现了一个以前未实现的符号化的方面，他称之为“符号化”——一个由符号化行为创造的物体。因此，他将文化定义为“在非肉体环境中理解的符号”。这个定义的关键是发现了符号。 本回答被网友采纳
Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate")[1] generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance. Cultures can be "understood as systems of symbols and meanings that even their creators contest, that lack fixed boundaries, that are constantly in flux, and that interact and compete with one another"[2]Culture can be defined as all the ways of life including arts, beliefs and institutions of a population that are passed down from generation to generation. Culture has been called "the way of life for an entire society."[3] As such, it includes codes of manners, dress, language, religion, rituals, norms of behavior such as law and morality, and systems of belief as well as the art.Cultural anthropologists most commonly use the term "culture" to refer to the universal human capacity and activities to classify, codify and communicate their experiences materially and symbolically. Scholars have long viewed this capacity as a defining feature of humans (although some primatologists have identified aspects of culture such as learned tool making and use among humankind's closest relatives in the animal kingdom).[4]Culture is manifested in human artifacts and activities such as music, literature, lifestyle, food, painting and sculpture, theater and film.[5] Although some scholars identify culture in terms of consumption and consumer goods (as in high culture, low culture, folk culture, or popular culture),[6] anthropologists understand "culture" to refer not only to consumption goods, but to the general processes which produce such goods and give them meaning, and to the social relationships and practices in which such objects and processes become embedded. For them, culture thus includes art, science, as well as moral systems.Various definitions of culture reflect differing theories for understanding, or criteria for evaluating, human activity. Writing from the perspective of social anthropology in the UK, Tylor in 1874 described culture in the following way: "Culture or civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."[7]Rock engravings in Gobustan, Azerbaijan indicate a thriving culture dating around 10,000 BC.More recently, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) (2002) described culture as follows: "... culture should be regarded as the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs".[8]While these two definitions cover a range of meaning, they do not exhaust the many uses of the term "culture." In 1952, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of "culture" in Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions.[9]These definitions, and many others, provide a catalog of the elements of culture. The items catalogued (e.g., a law, a stone tool, a marriage) each have an existence and life-line of their own. They come into space-time at one set of coordinates and go out of it another. While here, they change, so that one may speak of the evolution of the law or the tool.A culture, then, is by definition at least, a set of cultural objects. Anthropologist Leslie White asked: "What sort of objects are they? Are they physical objects? Mental objects? Both? Metaphors? Symbols? Reifications?" In Science of Culture (1949), he concluded that they are objects "sui generis"; that is, of their own kind. In trying to define that kind, he hit upon a previously unrealized aspect of symbolization, which he called "the symbolate"—an object created by the act of symbolization. He thus defined culture as "symbolates understood in an extra-somatic context."[10] The key to this definition is the discovery of the symbolate.Culture as civilization The famous "El Castillo" (The castle), formally named "Temple of Kukulcan", in the archeological city of Chichén-Itzá, in the state of Yucatán, Mexico.Many people have an idea of "culture" that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries. This notion of culture reflected inequalities within European societies, and between European powers and their colonies around the world. It identifies "culture" with "civilization" and contrasts it with "nature." According to this way of thinking, one can classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others, and some people as more cultured than others. Some cultural theorists have thus tried to eliminate popular or mass culture from the definition of culture. Theorists such as Matthew Arnold (1822-1888) or the Leavisites regard culture as simply the result of "the best that has been thought and said in the world.”[11] Arnold contrasted mass/popular culture with social chaos or anarchy. On this account, culture links closely with social cultivation: the progressive refinement of human behavior. Arnold consistently uses the word this way: "...culture being a pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know, on all the matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world."[11]In practice, culture referred to élite activities such as museum-caliber art and classical music, and the word cultured described people who knew about, and took part in, these activities. These are often called "high culture", namely the culture of the ruling social group,[12] to distinguish them from mass culture and or popular culture.From the 19th century onwards, some social critics have accepted this contrast between the highest and lowest culture, but have stressed the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. On this account, folk music (as produced by working-class people) honestly expresses a natural way of life, and classical music seems superficial and decadent. Equally, this view often portrays Indigenous peoples as 'noble savages' living authentic unblemished lives, uncomplicated and uncorrupted by the highly-stratified capitalist systems of the West.Today most social scientists reject the monadic conception of culture, and the opposition of culture to nature. They recognize non-élites as just as cultured as élites (and non-Westerners as just as civilized)—simply regarding them as just cultured in a different way.Williams[13] argues that contemporary definitions of culture fall into three possibilities or mixture of the following three:"a general process of intellectual, spiritual, and aesthetic development" "a particular way of life, whether of a people, period, or a group" "the works and practices of intellectual and especially artistic activity". 本回答被提问者和网友采纳
国内的话得找对才可以，cmбē.￠⊙㎡大部分不行了很难受
不同的国家有着不同的文化习俗
摘 要 随着科技的发展和教育改革的不断深入，多媒体技术越来越广泛地被运用到英语教学中，为课堂注入了新的活力，为教学改革带来了生机。如何充分发挥多媒体辅助教学的功能，不断提高小学英语课堂教学效果，还需要我们不断去思考、探讨和研究。本文将结合自身的教学实践探讨多媒体在英语课堂中的运用及反思。关 键 词 多媒体 英语教学 运用 反思《英语课程标准》提出：要积极开发课程资源，合理利用网络信息技术为学生提供贴近实际、贴近生活、贴近时代的教学内容，拓展学习和运用英语的渠道，发展学生综合运用语言的能力。按照教学要求利用多媒体技术将与教学内容有关的文字、声音、图像、动画、视频等要素有机结合，制成课件来辅助教学，我们称之为多媒体教学。它具有直观形象、生动活泼和丰富多彩的特点。将多媒体教学引入小学英语课堂不仅能渲染课堂气氛，激发学生的热情，还能创设教学情境，优化课堂结构，推动教学模式和学习方式的转变，进一步提高课堂效率。一、多媒体在英语课堂教学中的运用1、渲染课堂气氛，激发学生的热情 兴趣是最好的老师。传统的英语教学过分强调知识的讲解和练习，对兴趣的培养重视不够，导致许多学生产生厌学情绪。实践证明，只有对英语产生兴趣，才能激发学习的动机，形成内在的驱动力，从而主动学习。那么如何培养学生对英语的兴趣呢？我觉得利用多媒体来渲染课堂气氛能有效地激发学生的热情。例如，生日是学生普遍感兴趣的话题，教学人教版新目标英语七年级下册Unit8 When is your birthday?时，我先用多媒体播放一段Ann过生日的视频，突出Ann许愿、吹蜡烛和切蛋糕的过程，并配以音乐“Happy Birthday！”。学生很快被其中的画面吸引，跟着音乐哼唱，情绪逐渐被感染，课堂气氛随之活跃起来。这时，我不失时机地说“My birthday is July 9.When is your birthday? Can you tell me?”、“Happy Birthday！”。学生的兴趣一下就被激发出来，积极参与教学活动，主动学习相关的内容。竞猜在教学中十分受欢迎，尤其是初中生，它能寓教于乐，有效活跃气氛，激发学生的兴趣。例如，学习了一些水果的名称之后，我在课堂上做了这样一个竞猜：利用多媒体快速播放一些水果的图片，提醒学生注意图中的有关信息。然后将班级的学生分成八组，提出以下问题：（1） What can you see？（2） What color are they？（3） How many．．．are they?让他们对图中水果的名称、颜色和数量进行抢答，并记下各组的成绩。学生们踊跃参与，热情极为高涨，进一步加强了教学的互动和学生间的合作。2、创设教学情境，突出教学重点语言的学习总是和实际生活相连的，单靠课本和老师的讲授是很难真正领会和掌握的。在当前的英语教学中，情景教学颇受欢迎，即通过模拟现实生活中的“真实情景”来创设认知的情境，从而构建教学的“生态环境” ，让学生在尽可能真实的交际活动中发展语言能力。在情境的创设上，语言往往显得苍白。而多媒体却整合了文字、图片、声音、动画、视频等教学资料，能生动而又形象地再现生活的原形，具有明显的优势。例如，“现在进行时”是初中英语教学的一个重点，介绍它的用法时，我先利用多媒体播放一段NBA篮球比赛的视频，学生们立刻被精彩的镜头吸引住，并为姚明的出色表现欢呼雀跃。看了一会儿，我按下暂停键定格画面，指着姚明问道：他在干什么？学生们异口同声道：打篮球。我又问道是“打过篮球了”还是“正在打篮球”？ 根据图中的情景学生们很容易地做出了判断，由此自然地引出现在进行时。接着，向它们介绍英语里面“现在进行时”的表达方式，如What is he doing? He is playing basketball. 然后再用多媒体创设看电视、打电话、洗衣服等情景，让学生进行对话练习。通过视觉和听觉的传输，创设了较为真实的交际情境，避免了纯文字的讲解和凭空的三维想象，教学变得形象化、生活化、立体化。3、扩展文化背景知识，培养学生的世界意识 语言是文化的重要载体，有着丰富的文化内涵。它包罗万象，小到饮食、问候、行为，大到国家或地区的历史地理、生活方式、风土人情、文学艺术、宗教信仰等，无不渗透在语言中。接触和了解异国的文化，有益于对英语的理解和使用，有益于加深对本国文化的理解与认识，有益于培养世界意识。多媒体能打破时间和空间的限制，为展示英语文化背景提供方便，为了解英语文化架起一座桥梁。例如，新目标英语九年级Unit7 Where would you like to visit? 如果仅靠课本，无论是教师的讲解还是学生的讨论都很难开展，因为学生对外国的文化背景了解很少，当然不知道从何谈起。为了让学生对一些国家有个初步了解，我搜集了大量的资料，文字、图片、音乐以及视频。其中有学生较为关注的标志性建筑和著名的自然景点，如the Statue of Liberty、Big Ben、the Eiffel Tower、Sydney Opera House、Hawaii、Mount Fuji等。然后，将它们整合成丰富多彩、妙趣横生、充满异域风情的多媒体课件, 让学生在欣赏的过程中获得感性认识。这样，不仅课堂教学得以顺利进行，学生们的视野也得到进一步的拓展，世界意识显著增强。4、充分利用多媒体进行直观教学 直观教学是英语教学的常用手段，主要通过视觉和听觉的刺激使学生获得形象记忆和感性认识，如实物，模型、挂图等。受条件的制约，有时无法进行直观教学。但多媒体能突破种种限制，整合多种教学资源，为学生提供图文并茂、视听结合、动静共存的学习材料,有效地进行直观教学。例如，课本中有些食物农村孩子没有见过，如salad、pizza、cheese、hamburger；还有一些动物，如dolphin、koala、giraffe、lion等，不少学生也没有亲眼见过。对于这些单词，学生们只能对照课本上不太形象的图片凭空想象，学起来枯燥，难以记住。所以，课前我搜集了相关的图片和视频，利用多媒体技术加以处理制成课件，并在显示单词的同时还配上发音和例句，让学生边看边读，效果非常明显。其实，不仅可以利用多媒体对物体进行直观教学，还可以对课文进行直观教学。例如，新目标英语八年级下册Unit1 Self check中的阅读材料是关于机器人的，对此一般学生不太了解，读起来比较晦涩。教学这一部分时，我先利用多媒体 (视频和图片)介绍机器人，包括它的外形特征、应用途径和未来的发展情景，突出如何利用机器人造福于人类。这些内容直观、形象、生动，磁石般地吸引着学生的眼球，，使学生获得了初步的认识，为后面的阅读奠定了基础。同时，也激发了他们的好奇心和求知欲，从而积极主动地参与课堂教学。二、反思小学英语课堂中的多媒体教学多媒体在小学英语课堂上的合理运用弥补了传统教学的不足，给课堂注入了新的活力，同时也开辟了教改的新天地，推动着教学不断地前进。然而，在教学实践中，由于我们的认识存在误区，有时不能恰当地运用多媒体，削弱了它的教学辅助功能，甚至适得其反。通过亲身实践和深刻反思，我认为要想充分发挥多媒体的作用，还要做到以下几点：1、充分发挥学生的主体性现在很多人认为英语课堂上不用多媒体就意味着落后，甚至认为多媒体用得越多，教学越现代化，学生参与率就越高，效果就越好。不少老师课前搜集了大量的素材，课堂上频繁使用多媒体，一会儿用PowerPoint展现这个内容，一会儿用flash来呈现那个片段，切换不断，忙得不亦乐乎。多媒体占据大半时间，唱了主角，教学似乎是多媒体课件的展示，教师成了“放映员”，学生成了“观众”。整个教学过程中，学生几乎没有时间思考和交流，像一头牛被老师牵着鼻子走，主体地位无法体现。以前课堂上那种气氛热烈的对话和讨论难觅踪影，语言的训练更是严重缺乏。多媒体虽然是一种先进的教学手段，但它只能起辅助作用。在利用多媒体创设情境和展示相关知识的同时，还要给学生留下足够的时间和空间，引导他们去思考、讨论和练习。只有以学生为中心，充分发挥他们的主动性和能动性，才能获取最佳效果。2、精心制作课件多媒体教学主要通过课件来完成的，课件的质量直接影响教学效果。有些老师制作课件时比较注重色彩、动画和音响等效果，想通过花哨的背景、艳丽的图片、怪异的声音和大量的视频来吸引学生，突出重点。然而，过多的刺激容易分散学生的注意力，冲淡了主题，造成注意力的转移。而且，频繁使用多媒体会造成视觉和听觉上的冲击过度，导致学习疲劳，反而降低课堂教学效果。我认为课件的制作宜精忌繁，（1）文字要精练，字号适中，字体变化不宜过多；(2)背景图案要淡雅，简洁明了，尽量减轻视觉的疲劳；（3）图片的数量、动画的成分和声音的刺激不宜过多。另外，还要考虑学生的接受能力，不能一味追求信息的容量，盲目增加教学内容。否则，容易变“人灌”为“机灌”，成为新型的“填鸭式”教学。总之，要根据学生的认知规律，结合教学实际，遵循“实用、适时、适度”的原则，精选课件的内容。切不可盲目追求艺术感，甚至把本来简明的知识搞得繁杂，给人华而不实的感觉。3、加强师生之间的交流课堂教学不仅是知识传授的途径，更是师生平等交流互动的过程。在英语教学中，我们往往因多媒体的便利而忽视了师生之间语言对话和情感的交流，多媒体的频繁运用使教学变成冷冰冰的人机交流。多媒体教学的优势虽然明显，但它不是全能的。英语教学具有很强的交际性和实践性，交际能力的培养是教学的重点。课堂上师生之间的互动交流，如问候、讨论、回答等，不仅能有效培养学生的语言交际能力，还能增强师生之间的情感，使课堂教学充满着爱，体现和谐之美。这是多媒体无法比拟的。随着信息技术的快速发展，越来越多的多媒体技术被运用到英语教学中。在教学实践中，我们要不断学习，不断反思，努力寻求多媒体与传统教学的结合点，充分发挥它的辅助功能，进一步优化英语课堂结构，全面提高英语教学的质量。参考文献： 1.汪发萌. 新课改下的多媒体英语教学，期刊:龙岩学院院报 2005第21期2.戴庆棉. 多媒体在英语教学中的应用及其思考.中国电化教育,2002.53.琚 珍. 运用现代教育技术优化中学英语课堂教学.外语电化教学,2001.34.张红玲. 现代外语教学的发展趋势和机辅外语教学.外语电化教学，2000.3 本回答由提问者推荐