carrots是什么意思（th是什么意思ose）

carrots是什么道理（th是什么道理ose）

★ 可数动词及其单复数

可数动词有单数和复数两种情势。指一部分或一件实物时，用单数情势；指两个或多部分或实物时用复数情势。运用可数动词单数时，确定要提防加大概冠词a/an。

【复数变革回顾歌诀】

表白民族的动词顺口溜

1.“中、日、瑞”和睦是普遍。

即chinese，japanese单复数同形。

2.“英、法”同盟a变e。

englishman，frenchman的复数：

englishmen，frenchmen

3.其余一致加s ；

其余像german，american，australian等的复数情势是在反面加“s”。

以o结果的动词顺口溜 ：

1.有人命的以o结果的动词变复数时，词尾加es，凡无人命的以o结果的动词变复数时，词尾加s。

有人命：

potato-potatoes,

tomato-tomatoes,

hero-heroes,

negro--negroes

如无人命：

zoo-zoos, radio-radios,

photo-photos, piano-pianos,

zero-zeros,

bamboo（竹竿）--bamboos,

tobacco（烟丝）--tobaccos

2.两人两菜一火山。（+es）

小学～国学讲义中以o结果的动词形成复数时，加es的惟有negro（黑人），hero（豪杰），potato（土豆），tomato（西红杮），volcano（火山），这即是“两人两菜一火山”。

或：黑人和豪杰吃土豆和西红柿（egroes and heroes eat tomatoes and potatoes）

3. 其他以o结果的动词变复数时均加s。

图景：

你在“zoo”里，瞥见一要“bamboo”，上头挂着一张“photo”，所照的是一架“piano”，上头放着一台“radio”。

zoo-zoos , bamboo-bamboos,photo-photos piano-pianos, radio-radios.

fe结果的顺口溜

1.以f(e)结果的动词变为复数时，有的把f(e)改为v(e)再加s，其余的以“f(e)”结果的动词则径直加“s”。

浑家持刀去宰狼，扒手吓得发了慌；

躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮眼光。

wife（浑家），knife（刀子），wolf（狼）thief（扒手），shelf（架子），life（人命）leaf（树叶），self（本人），half（一半）

这9个动词变复数时，都要改“f(e)”为“ve”再加“s”。

2.以f结果的动词，普遍把把f改为ves，但也有特出情景是径直加-s的，如gulf, roof, chief, serf, belief, proof, handkerchief。

作出歌诀设想：海峡边、屋顶上，领袖农仆相望；谁说她们无崇奉，口气定在手帕上

不准则动词单变复顺口溜

士女脚步牙鹅，老鼠加虱婆。

man-men; woman-women;

foot-feet; tooth-teeth; goose-geese;

mouse-mice; louse-lice.

动词由单数情势形成复数情势的准则如次：

1普遍的动词词尾加 -s 如：

book → books

room → rooms

house → houses

day → days

2以 s，ss，ch，sh，x 结果的动词，在词尾加 -es，如：

bus → buses

glass → glasses

watch → watches

dish → dishes

box → boxes

3以"子音假名+y"结果的动词，要先将 y 改为 i 再加 -es，如：

city → cities

body → bodies

factory → factories

4以 f/fe 结果的动词，要将 f/fe 改为 v 再加-es，如：

half → halves

leaf → leaves

knife → knives

wife → wives

5惯例

1. man → men

woman → women

policeman → policemen

(顺序：man → men)

2. tomato → tomatoes

potato → potatoes

[顺序：有人命的加-es，无人命的加-s ]

3. foot → feet

tooth → teeth

[顺序：oo形成ee]

4. sheep，Chinese，Japanese 单、复数同形。[顺序：单复同形：变复数时词形不行变]

5. people 表白复数意旨，诉求谓语动词用复数；people加上-s此后，peoples常常指“多个民族”。[顺序：普遍动词只做复数：people很特出，谓语用复数]

★ 不行数动词

1. 不行数动词以数量来计划，不许分红个别。没有单复之分，前方不必大概冠词a/an，表白数目用：数词+（量词）+动词。如：a piece of papaer

2. 不行数动词做主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数情势。

3. 特出情景：

① 不行数动词普遍无复数情势，局部物资动词表白各别类型时，可用复数情势。如，fishes，newspapers，waters，snows等。

② 有些笼统动词也常用复数情势变为可数的简直实物。如，times期间，works文章，difficulties艰巨等。

★专驰名词

动词可分为专驰名词和普遍动词，专驰名词指一定的或举世无双的人或物（人名、地名、国度名）。

1专驰名词首假名小写

专驰名词是表白人、场合、实物等私有的动词，它的第一个假名要小写。

如：

2单词巨细写各别，词义各别

有些单词假名的巨细写各别，词义也不一律。

如：

3普遍动词的一定含意

普遍动词表白一类人或货色或是一个笼统观念的称呼。

如: worker, camera, steel等。

4专驰名词的分门别类

英语中按照专驰名词前能否带冠词可分为两类：

1. 零冠词，是由专驰名词+普遍动词构成，常常为并列联系。

如：Yale University，Beijing Railway Station

2. 定冠词，由刻画词+普遍动词构成。

如：the United States，the Great Wall

3. 普遍来讲，专驰名词前方不必定冠词the，但江河大海，山脉群岛地舆称呼前要用定冠词。

如：the Yangtse River(长江)

4. 由两个之上的普遍动词构成的专驰名词前，普遍要用定冠词。

★ 动词一切格

英语中有些动词不妨加“'s”来表白一切联系，带这种词尾的动词情势称为该动词的一切格，如：a teacher's book。

（动词一切格回顾歌诀）

动词一切格，表物是谁的。若为人命词，要加“'s”，词尾若有 s，仅把逗点加；并列动词后，各自和公有，前者辨别加，后者结果加；若为无人命词，of一切格，前后须颠倒，此是硬准则。1.单数动词词尾加“'s”，复数动词词尾没有 s，也要加“'s”如：the boy's bag男孩的书包，men's room男茅厕。

2.若动词已有复数词尾-s，只加“'”如：the workers' struggle工人的搏斗。

3.凡不许加“'s”的动词，都不妨用"动词+of+动词"的构造来表白一切联系如：the title of the song歌的名字。

4.在表白店肆或礼拜堂的名字或或人的家时，动词一切格的反面往往不展示它所化装的动词如：the barber's剪发店。

5.即使两个动词并列，而且辨别有“'s”，则表白"辨别有"惟有一个“‘s’”，则表白“公有”如：John's and Mary's rooms(两间) John and Mary's room(一间)

6.复数动词 和短语的一切格常常是在结果的重心词后加“'s”如：a month or two's absence

冠词（Article）是一种虚词，在句子中不复读，自己不许独力运用，只能放在动词前扶助证明动词所指的人或实物，它是英语词性中最小的一类，惟有三个，一种是大概冠词（Indefinite Article），一种是定冠词（Definite Article）。其余也有些一定场所不必冠词，即常常所称的零冠词（Zero Article）。

1冠词a / an 的基础用法

（定冠词a/an用法歌诀）

或人某物属某类，

一人一物指理想；

或人某物不简直，

数目动词前表“每一”

⒈ 基础用法

⒉ a / an 的辨别

a 用在子音音素发端的单数可数动词或假名前，an 用在母音音素发端的单数可数动词或假名前。如 a book , an orange , an egg

提防：

① u发音为 / ju:/ 时，单词前用a . 如： a usual boy； a university； a unit； a useful book；提防其余两个特出词: a one-leg table ; a European

② 罕见子音假名不发音的单词有：an honest boy； an hour； an honor

2定冠词 the 的用法

3不必冠词的情景

提防：

⒈ 华夏的保守节日前普遍加“the”

如：the Mid-Autumn Day 八月节； the Spring Festival ；

⒉ 简直某年的时节前普遍加“the”

in the winter of 2009在2009年的冬天

如：⒊ 但三餐饭前如有刻画词化装时，不妨用冠词

如：have a nice breakfast吃一顿甘旨的早餐

4高等学校统一招生考试罕见冠词情势

5冠词的活用

冠词和动词

I.单项填空

1.【2019江苏卷】26.Nowadays the ___________ for travelling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery.

A. priority B. potential C. proportion D. pension

【谜底】A

【领会】观察动词辨析。句意：现在，游览的中心从购物变化成了品味美味和观赏得意。A. priority优先；优先权；B. potential潜伏的，大概的；C. proportion比率，占比；D. pension离休金，恤金。故选A。

2.【2019天津卷】7.We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made a(n) ___________on our lives in many ways.

A. statement B. impact

C. impression D. judgment

【谜底】B

【领会】观察动词词义辨析。句意：咱们不妨看到人为智能在很多上面仍旧对咱们的生存爆发了激烈的感化。 statement“陈陈述明”；impact“激烈的感化，报复力”；impression“回忆，感触”；judgement“确定力确定”。故选B。

3.【2018天津】6. The__________ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.

A. advice B. order

C. possibility D. invitation

【谜底】C

【领会】观察动词词义辨析及语境领会。句意：世界中其它星球上生存人命这种大概性老是鼓励科学家们去探究外部空间。A. advice倡导；B. order吩咐；C. possibility大概性；D. invitation恭请。故选C。

点睛：本题观察动词辨析。动词和动词及短语的观察是高等学校统一招生考试中心观察的常识点。本题语法上是一个同位语从句，从句that there is life on other planets in the universe是来证明证明前方所采用的动词。按照知识不妨确定，世界中其它星球上生存人命不过一种大概性，暂时没辙表明，进而选定精确谜底。

4.【2018江苏】32. Try to understand what’s actually happening instead of acting on the _______ you’ve made.

A. assignment B. association

C. acquisition D. assumption

【谜底】D

【领会】观察动词词义辨析及语境领会。句意：试着去领会本质爆发的工作，而不是依照你所做的假如行事。A. assignment调配；B. association交易；C. acquisition赢得；D. assumption假如。故选D。

点睛：本题观察动词辨析。动词观察是高等学校统一招生考试中心观察的常识点。本题抓住句中的要害词actually happening本质爆发和instead of而不是，可知是假如，进而选定精确谜底。

5.【2016天津】10. The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight _____ of rain later tonight.

A. effect B. sense C. change D. chance

【谜底】D

【领会】试题领会：句意：气象预告说即日会是多云，后深夜大概有雨。A.感化；B.发觉；C.变换；D.时机，大概性。故选D。

考试场点：观察动词辨析。

6.【2016浙江】2.______prize for the winner of the competition is ______two-week holiday in Paris.

A. The ; 不填 B. A ; 不填 C. A ; the D. The ; a

【谜底】D

【领会】句意：这个竞赛成功者的奖品是一个巴黎的两个礼拜的假期。第一空填the，是特指“成功者的奖品”，用定冠词，第二空是泛指“一个两周的假期”，用大概冠词a。故选A。

7．【2015四川卷】 Brian is gifted in writing music； he is very likely to be ________ Beethoven.

A． a B． an

C． the D．不填

【谜底】A　

【领会】此处表白“下一个贝多芬”，应运用大概冠词。句意：布赖恩在作曲上有天性，他很大概变成下一个贝多芬。

8. 【2015陕西卷】________more learned a man is，________ more modest he usually becomes.

A. The; the B. A; a

C. The; a D. A; the

【谜底】A　

【领会】此处冠词形成“the ＋比拟级…， the ＋比拟级…”句型，表白“越……就越……”。故选A。句意：一部分学的货色越多，他就会越矜持。

观察冠词。

9．【2015浙江卷】 Jane's grandmother had wanted to write ________ children's book for many years, but one thing or another always got in ________ way.

A. a; / B. the; the

C. /; the D. a; the

【谜底】D　

【领会】句意：简的奶奶很有年来从来想写一本(对于)儿童的书，但老是被这事或那事延迟了。第一空a children's book中的a表白“一本”，以是用大概冠词a；而第二空波及的in the way是恒定用法，表白“挡道，遏制”，以是用定冠词the。归纳之上实质可知选D项。本题的第一空有些考生大概会错选the，觉得是一定情景，但要提防the表白真实的某地或某时的情景，而此处没有控制children's book的关系消息。

10. 【2015重庆卷】I just heard________ bank where Dora works was robbed by________ gunman wearing a mask.

A. the; /　　　B. a; /　　　C. the; a　　　D. a; the

【谜底】C

【领会】观察冠词。句意：我方才传闻朵拉处事的那家钱庄被一个带面具的持枪人给推诿。第一个空表白朵拉处事的那家钱庄，可知表白特指，用the；第二空表白一个带面具的持枪人表白泛指，用a。

II.语法填空

1.【2019新课标I卷】Of ___69___ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.

【谜底】the

【领会】观察定冠词。此处为特指，意为“在已知的19个南极熊亚种群中”，故填the。

2.【2019浙江卷】Everybody wears___57___ same style of clothes.

【谜底】the

【领会】观察冠词。句意：每部分都穿沟通作风的衣物。same是刻画词，道理是“沟通的”，常与the连用化装动词。故填the。

3. 【2019新课标II卷】When we got a call saying she was short-listed，we thought it was___69___ joke.

【谜底】a

【领会】a 观察冠词。按照前方We don't have any idea who put grandma forward咱们不领会谁题名了奶奶，以及she was short-listed接到电话说她全胜了，发端咱们觉得这是一个打趣，a joke一个打趣，故填a。

4.【2019世界I】In recent years some Inuit people in Nunayut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a ___66___ (believe) that populations are increasing.

【谜底】belief

【领会】观察词性变换。由其前大概冠词和后来that启发的同位语从句可知，空格处需填动词情势。故填belief。

5. 【2019世界III】When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting ___66___(compete)to watch，together with the story behind it.

【谜底】competition

【领会】观察词性变换。刻画词interesting该当化装动词，并且划时代有大概冠词an，故填单数动词competition。

6. 【2019浙江6】Other American studies showed no ___64___(connect) between uniforms and school performance.

【谜底】connection/connections

【领会】观察动词。按照no可知，反面须要connect的动词情势，语意表白“接洽、贯穿”，故填connection/connections。

7. 【2019北京】No matter what you like to do，there is a way to get involved in various___6___(activity) on Earth Day. You can plant a tree，make a meal with locally grown vegetables，or save power—the possibilities are endless.

【谜底】activities

【领会】观察动词的复数情势，由于前方的刻画词是various“形形色色的”，所以用动词的复数情势activities。

8.【2018世界II】Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop. Since 2011,the country has grown more corn than rice. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ___62___ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.

【谜底】the

【领会】观察冠词。句意：玉蜀黍产量在往日25年里延长了近125%，而大米只延长了7%。故是特指在往日的25年里。故填the。

9.【2018世界III】I'm not sure which is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩）that suddenly appears out of nowhere. I'm walking on a path in the forest in the Central African Republic. Unexpectedly, I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at____62____ top of her lungs.

【谜底】the

【领会】观察冠词。此处为恒定短语at the top of，此处表白以最大的肺活量喊叫。

10.【2018世界I】 Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ___67___(cause).

【谜底】causes

【领会】观察动词复数。一项接洽表白，只是每天5到10秒钟的跑步，就能缩小百般因为的心脏病和早亡。按照句意用复数情势。故填causes。

11. 【2018世界II】This switch has decreased ___66___ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.

【谜底】pollution

【领会】观察词性变换。句意：这一变化缩小了华夏较大的湖泊和蓄水池的传染，使人们的饮用水越发安定。has decreased后跟动词作宾语，故填pollution。

12. 【2018世界III】My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a ___66___(science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.

【谜底】scientist

【领会】观察动词。按照语境可知，我是一名科学家。scientist科学家。

13. 【2018浙江】Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese ___56___(dish) is seen as especially troublesome.

【谜底】dishes

【领会】观察动词。此处指华夏菜，表白泛指该当用动词复数，故填dishes。

14. 【2018浙江】Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in ___64___(weigh) problems.

【谜底】weight

【领会】观察动词。此处指体重题目，用动词化装problems，故填weight。

15.【2017世界卷Ⅰ】As 65.________ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.

【谜底】a　

【领会】观察冠词。恒定短语as a result表白“截止是”。截止是，人们将吃更多的食品去填补丢失的货色。故填a。

16.【2017世界卷Ⅱ】This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over 64.________ top.

【谜底】the　

【领会】观察冠词。此处特指铁轨上方的顶部工程。

17.【2017世界卷Ⅲ】She looks like any other schoolgirl, freshfaced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to the challenge of her new Alevel course. But unlike her school friends, 16yearold Sarah is not spending halfterm resting. Instead, she is earning ￡6，500 a day as 62.________ model in New York.

【谜底】a　

【领会】观察冠词。按照句意和语境可知，萨拉不过纽约稠密模特儿中的一个，是泛指；并且model的第一个音素是子音音素，故用大概冠词a。

18.【2017浙江卷6月考】For Pahlsson, its return was 65.________ wonder.

【谜底】a　

【领会】观察冠词。此处a wonder表白“一个奇妙”，以是须要大概冠词a。

19.【2017世界卷Ⅰ】There has been a recent trend in the food service industry towards lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community(医知识界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62.________ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.

【谜底】effects　

【领会】观察动词复数。领会语境可知作家表白的道理是“少许预见除外的副效率”，按照前文的some可知副效率有很多，故填effects。

20.【2017世界卷Ⅱ】In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometres and allowed people to avoid terrible 61.________ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.

【谜底】crowds　

【领会】观察动词复数。伦敦人丁稠密，引导路递交通拥挤，所以建筑地下铁路。用crowds这一复数情势，表白连接展示的人群，用来刻画人丁稀疏。

21. 【2017世界卷Ⅱ】This development was only possible with the 69.________ (introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.

【谜底】introduction　

【领会】观察动词。该词在此作with的宾语，道理是“引入本领、本领”等。因为后来带有介词of，故只能用introduction。

22.【2017世界卷Ⅲ】She is determined to carry on with her 66.________ (educate)．

She has turned down several 67.________ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.

【谜底】education　

【领会】观察动词。前方是刻画词性主人代词her，故用动词情势。

【谜底】invitations　

【领会】观察动词复数。按照句意“她中断了几个恭请”可知，此处须要填动词，并且invitation是可数动词，前方有several化装，故用复数情势。

23.【2017浙江卷6月考】Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small 56.________ (carrot) and was about to throw them away.

【谜底】carrots　

【领会】观察动词。按照a handful of可知，该当有一把小胡莱菔，以是用carrot的复数情势。

24.【2016世界新课标II】。Then, handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of 42 (achieve). Recent 46 (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.

【谜底】achievement

【领会】观察动词。横线前方有介词of，横线上要运用动词achievement动作of的宾语。句意：开始处置要害的工作，那么你会有功效感。

【谜底】studies

【领会】观察动词单复数。本句的谓语动词是show，证明主语是复数动词studies。

25.【2016世界新课标III】观赏底下资料，在空缺处填入符合的实质（1个单词）或括号内单词的精确情势。

Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the 48 (develop) of chopsticks.

【谜底】development

【领会】观察词性变换。the＋动词＋of，意为“……的……”，这边指“筷子的兴盛”，故填development。

人称代词

1人称代词的用法

⒈ 人称代词作东语，用主格。

如：We love our country.

咱们景仰咱们的故国。

2. 人称代词作者宾语，用宾格。

如：Winnie is a nice girl.We all like her.

温妮是个好密斯。咱们都爱好她。

⒊ 人称代词在书面语中，用宾格。

如：If I were her,I would stay.

假如我是她，我就留住来。

2人称代词的宾格包办主格的几种场所

⒈ 在凡是生存中，人称代词作者宾语时，常用代词的宾格。

如：A:Who is knocking at the door?谁在敲门呀?

B:Its me.是我。

⒉ 书面语中，当人称代词孤登时用来不带谓语的句子中作东语时，常用代词的宾格。

如：A:I don't want to go to the theater tonight.今晚我不想去剧场。

B:Me neither.我也不想去。

A:I would like to stay here for another week.我想在这边再呆一周。

B:Me too.我也是。

⒊ 在带as和than的比拟级反面，很多场所下用代词的宾格。

如：She knows me as well as him.她像领会他一律领会我。

He is taller than me.他比我高。

⒋ 书面语中，当人称代词用来带有激烈情绪颜色的句子中作东语且后来不带宾语时，多用代词的宾格。

如：A:You ought to do it at once.你该当赶快做。

B：What?Me!什么?我！

3多部分称代词并列时的程序

在英语中即使展示多部分称代词，其陈设的程序重要犹如下几种情景：

⒈ 单数的场所：you+he/she +I

如：You,he and I will go shopping tomorrow.

你，他和我来日将去购物。

⒉ 复数的场所：we +you +they

如：We,you and they are all Chinese.

咱们，尔等和她们都是华夏人。

⒊ 士女两性并列场所：he+she

如：He and she don't agree with me.

他和她不承诺我的管见。

⒋ 供认缺点或接受负担时：I +he/she+you

如：I and he are to blame for the accident.

我和他应为这次事变接受负担。

⒌ You and I是恒定构造，纵然是在供认过失机，语序也静止。

如：You and I are to blame.

我和你应为此控制。

4he和she的特出用法（考试大纲除外拓展局部）

he 可指代雄性众生或宏大而又威猛之物。

she可指代雌性众生或脆弱，幽美之物，也可代办拟人化讲法中的国度，月球，公共汽车，汽船等无人命的货色，以表白其爱好或关心之情。

如：The fierce tiger carme at the monkey,but he missed heitiger,her 指monkey)厉害的老虎向山公扑来，可没扑到。

China will always do what she has promised to do.华夏将一直实行本人的信用。

The moon loses her brilliance when the sun makes his appearance.太阳一出来，月球就遗失了她的灿烂。

She was Titanic,a ship which was said never to sink.她即是泰坦尼克号，传闻是一艘永不淹没的船。

5报章杂志的编纂和作品的作家，在公布看法时，常用we包办I（同样地，用our包办my)

如：We believe that China will still make greater progress.咱们断定华夏将会有更大的兴盛。

In our opinion this is the best film of the year.咱们觉得这是本年最佳的一部影戏。

6we，you，they偶尔胜过人称的辨别，都不妨泛指普遍人，指“人们”，单数用he

如：We never know the worth of the well till it is dry.遗失了才领会宝贵。

You can't live without air and water摆脱气氛和水，人就没辙存在。

They say theirs going to be another good harvest this year.人们说本年又将是个丰登年。

He laughs best who laughs last.谁笑到结果谁笑的最佳。

7it的用法

⒈ 指刚提到过的实物，以制止反复。

如：A：When did the letter come?这封信什么功夫送来的?

B：It delivered this morning.即日早晨送来的。

⒉ 指未知性其余婴孩或儿童。

如：What a beautiful baby,is it a boy?多美丽的宝贝呀，是男孩吗?

⒊ 指不明身份的人。

如：A：Who is it knocking at the door?谁在敲门?

B:It might be the postman.大概是邮差。

⒋ 指功夫或时节。

如：It is ten o'clock.此刻是十点钟。

It is late autumn.此刻已是晚秋了。

⒌ 指气象，情况。

如：It's raining hard outside.表面雨下得正直。

It is noisy in here.这边很喧闹。

⒍ 指隔绝。

如：It is half an hour's walk to the city centre.走到市重心只需半钟点。

⒎ 用来情势主语或情势宾语。

大略句：It is hard to learn English well.（it做情势主语，真实主语是learn English）

I find it hard to learn English well.(hard为宾语补足语，语义上的弥补）（it做情势宾语，真实宾语是learn English）

复合句：I find（that）it is hard to learn English well宾语从句）（主句是I find……，系表为it is启发的从句）

⒏ 用来夸大构造中，不作任何因素

提防：在夸大构造中，不许夸大谓语局部。

It is/was...that/who...

如：The students are learning grammar in the classroom now.

→It is the students who are learning grammar in the classroom now.

→It is grammar that the students are learning in the classroom now.

→It is in the classroom that the students are learning grammar now.

→It is now that the students are learning grammar in the classroom.

⒐ 用来包办下文提到过的句子。

this下文爆发过的，下文要说的事。（常常）

that 只能指代下文说过的一个动词。

it常常指代下文的一句话。

如：You saved my life,I never forget it.

He bought me a shirt.I like it.

He bought me a shirt.I like that.

⒑ It常用的恒定句型：

① It takes sb.to do…或人用多长功夫做某事

如：It took the man a week to mend our roof.那些人花了一周功夫和好咱们的屋顶。

② It's(about/high)time that should...是该做某事的时侯了

如：It's (about/high)time that we should take action.该是采用动作的功夫了。

③ It's the+底数词+time(that）..have + v-ed 第几次做某事了

如：It is the third time that he has failed the driving test.这是他第三次没能经过驾驶考查。

④ It's...since...从..已（多长功夫了）

如：It is five years since he stopped smoking.

他戒烟五年了。

⑤ It was not.before..;It won't be long before.用不了多长功夫某举措爆发了；过不了多久某举措将要爆发

如：It was not long before they arrived. It won't be long before he returns from abroad.没过多久她们就到了。不久此后她们就要回国。

主人代词

1刻画词性主人代词十分于刻画词，放在动词前作定语

如：It's not my computer.那不是我的电脑。

She turned away her eyes.她把眼光移开。

Is this your coat?这是你的大氅吗?

⒈ 刻画词性主人代词后可加own表白夸大，意为“本人的，实足属于本人的”。

如：Monica has her own computer.莫妮卡有本人的电脑。

I won't believe anything unless I see it with my own eyes.只有我亲眼瞥见，要不我不会断定任何工作。

⒉ 刻画词性主人代词常用来形成恒定短语，此期间词不行缺乏。

try ones luck试试看

in ones opinion依或人的看法

2动词性主人代词十分于动词，不许用来动词之前

动词性主人代词十分于刻画词性主人代词加上前方所提到的动词，其功效如次：

⒈ 作东语：

This is not my dictionary. Mine is lent to Lucy.这不是我的字典，我的借给露西了。

⒉ 作宾语：

Every person showed his ticket and I showed mine.每部分都出示了票，我也出示了我的。

⒊ 作宾语：

This camera is mine and that is you.这架拍照机是我的，那是你的。

⒋ 与of连用形成双重一切格作定语：

I am a great admirer of yours.我是你的一位看重者。

★ 反身代词

反身代词表白动抵制象是发出者自己。

1反身代词的用法

⒈ 作宾语

反身代词作者宾语表白举措的接受者即是举措的实行者本人。

如：I hope you will enjoy yourselves on the trip.我蓄意尔等路径玩得欣喜。

The little boy can dress himself now.谁人小男孩此刻能本人穿衣物了。

⒉ 作宾语

在be和其余系动词如feel，look，seem之后，反身代词不妨用来刻画发觉，情结和状况。

如：I am not feeling myself today.即日我发觉有点不安适。

The poor girl in the picture is myself.像片上这个不幸的小女孩即是我。

⒊ 作同位语

反身代词在句中作动词或代词的同位语，用来巩固其口气，常坐落动词或代词后，作东语的同位语时也可坐落句尾。

如：I want to see Bob himself.我想见鲍勃自己。

Mary worked out the problem herself.玛丽本人做出了这道题。

2常用的反身代词短语

devote oneself to全力于

enjoy oneself 玩得欣喜

dress oneself 本人穿衣

come to oneself回复知觉

help oneself to随意吃，随意用

hide oneself把本人藏起来

teach oneself 自习

lose oneself 迷途

by oneself 亲身（径自地）

talk to oneself 喃喃自语

excuse oneself 自我辩白

be not oneself身材不安适

for oneself 替本人，为本人

in oneself自己

between ourselves 私自说的话（不行报告旁人）

among themselves她们之间

to oneself供本人运用

3偶尔，用刻画词将反身代词划分

如：I am still my old self我仍旧从来的我。

I'll put my humble self at your service.在下承诺听候您的交代。

★ 引导代词

1this，that，these，those的用法

⒈ 表白近指和远指this,these常常指功夫或空间较近的人或物；that,those可指功夫或空间较远的人或物。如：

This gift is for you and that one is for your brother.这件礼品是你的，那件是你弟弟的。

I love these books but I dislike those ones.我爱好那些书，但不爱好那些。

提防：英国人挂电话时，this指本人，that指对方。如：

Hello,this is Allan.Who is that speaking?喂，您好！我是艾伦，你是哪位？

⒉ 指刚提到过的或将要提到的事

①指刚提到过的工作或仍旧实行的工作用that。如：

Little George broke the vase,but he didn't admit it and that was very annoying.小乔治打碎了交际花，本人还不供认，真是太气人了。

②指行将要爆发或将要提到的工作用this.如：

I want to know this was Miss Tones here the whole moming?我想领会的是，琼斯姑娘所有上昼都在这边吗?

③ that,those往往用来包办下文提到过的动词，以制止反复。

④ that 指代不行数动词或可数动词的单数。如：

Life today is much better than that in the old days.指此刻的生存比往日许多了。

⑤ those 指代可数动词复数。如：

The days in summer are longer than those in winter.夏季的白昼比冬天的白昼长。

⒊ this,that还可用作副词，意为“这么”“那么”。化装刻画词或副词，其用法与so一致。如：

She has never been this late for school before.她往日上学从没有这么晚过。

She is too young to walk that far.她太小，走不了那么远。

⒋ 与表白功夫的动词搭配。

①this 与有些动词连用表白“暂时的简直功夫”

this morning 即日凌晨

this aftermoon今世界午

this evening即日黄昏

this week 本周

this month这个月

this spring本年春天

②that 与某些动词连用表白“往日的简直功夫”

that morming 那天早晨

that afternoon 那世界午

that evening 那天黄昏

that week 那周

that month 谁人月

that spring那年春天

③these 与某些动词连用表白“与暂时关系的一段功夫”

these days此刻，暂时，那些天

these years 那些年

these months 那些月

those与某些动词连用表白“与往日关系的一段功夫”。

those days 那些日子

those years 那些年

those months那些月

2引导代词在句中所作得因素

⒈ 主语：如：

This is what I want to emphasize.

这即是我想夸大的。

⒉ 宾语：如：

Better take those with you.

最佳把那些带着。

⒊ 宾语：如：

My idea is this.

我的办法是如许的。

⒋ 定语：如：

What shall I do with these flower

那些花如何办?

大概代词

不指明包办任何特命名词或刻画词的代词叫大概代词。大概代词表白那种水平和百般典型的不决定意旨，它们在论理意旨上是数目词，具备完全或限制意旨。

1大略大概代词

1. one的用法

one 指代可数动词，既可指人，也可指物。可独立运用，也可放在单数可数动词前作定语。

one→ones(复数）→one's（动词一切格）→oneself（反身代词）

反义疑义句：one 正式语体；you 书面语

① 独立运用，泛指“人”“一部分”“人们”。（此时句中也不妨展示one's或oneself与之照应）如：

One often fails to see their own faults.

人常常看不见本人的缺陷。

One should do their best at all times.

一部分不管怎样都应尽最大全力。

② 表白简直的“一部分”或“一个实物”如：

He is not one who is easy to work with.

他不是简单协作的人。

This is the one you looking for.

这即是你要找的那一个。

提防：当one前方有刻画词化装时，刻画词前必需有冠词或代词。如：

Her new car goes faster than her old

one.她的新公共汽车比旧的跑得快。

I don't like this green peach. Please give me a red one.

我不爱好这个绿桃子，请给我一个红的。

③ 包办下文已展示过的单数可数动词或复数动词以制止反复。如：

I prefer red roses to white ones.

我爱好红玫瑰超过白玫瑰。

The problem is harder than that one.

这个题目比谁人更难。

④ 语汇辨析：it，one,与that

⑴ it是用来包办前文展示的同一实物，即指同类同物，包办可数或不行数动词。复数是they（主格）them（宾格）

I left my electronic dictionary in my drawer,but today it is gone.

我把电子辞书放在抽斗里，可即日不见了。（it 指下文提到的electronic dictionary)

⑵ one 包办与前方实物同属一类但非同一个的可数动词，表白泛指意旨。复数为ones.如：

I don't like this type of CD player. Could you show me a better one?

我不爱好这种典型的CD播放机，能不许给我拿一个更好一点的?（one 指CD player)

⑶ that用来包办前方展示的特指的单数可数动词或特指的不行数动词，不妨指同一类；它的复数情势是those，用来代替前方特指的复数动词，只能指物不许指人。如：

Mary's handwriting is far better than that of Henry.玛丽的书法比亨利的许多了。（that 指the handwriting)

2.either,neithereither表白“两者中任何一个”；neither表白“两者中任何一个都不”；either,neither是一对意旨差异的代词，二者用法沟通，都可作东语，宾语和定语。如：

Either is OK.(作东语）两个随意哪个都行。

You may take either of the books.作宾语）两该书中随你拿一本。

There are roses on either side of the road.作定语）路两旁种着玫瑰花。

① either 和neither作东语时，谓语动词常用单数情势。如：

Neither is willing to help her.两人都不愿帮她。提防：neither 后可跟of 短语如：Neither of them is interested in the film.她们两个都对那部影戏没爱好。

② either用作代词，不妨独立运用，也可和of连用，of后接复数动词，动词前要用一个主人代词，引导代词或定冠词。如：

He doesn't like either of the two places.他不爱好这两个场合中的任何一个。

③ either...or“不是.….即是..…；大概……大概.……”neither..…nor“既不.…….也不..…”皆为并列连词，贯穿句中两并列因素，贯穿两并列主语时，谓语动词在人称和数上应按照就近普遍的规则，即按照与谓语动词最邻近的主语确定谓语动词的人称和数的情势。如：

Either he or you have stolen my watch.不是他即是你偷了我的腕表。

Neither my sister nor I am willing to work with you.我姐姐和我都不愿和你一道处事。

④ either 在否认句中常坐落句末，表白“也”之意，此时either为副词。如：

I don't like maths and he dislike it,either.我不爱好数学，他也不爱好。

⑤ neither表白“也不”，坐落句首。反面运用倒装语序。如：

This shirt doesn't fit me;neither does that one.这种衬衫不对我的身，那件也一律。

3.both,allboth“两者，都”仅指两部分或物；all “十足，都”指三个或三个之上的人或物；both of/all of后为动词时，of 不妨简略。为代词宾格时，of不不妨简略。如：

All (of)the students went to the concert last night.昨晚一切的弟子都去听音乐会了。

She invited both of us to her birthday party.她恭请咱们两个加入她的华诞饮宴。

① al l指实物的完全或笼统观念时用作单数，指人时用作复数。如：

All is going perfectly.十足发达成功。All are here,so let get started.一切人都到齐了，我们发端吧。

② both 和all都可置于定冠词等控制词之前，也不妨径直化装动词。如：

All the windows are open.

一切的窗户都开着。

Both my sister and my cousin like playing cards.我的妹妹和表弟都爱好打扑克牌。

③ both,all作东语同位语时应坐落实义动词之前，系动词，助动词或神态动词之后。如：

They both like coffee very much.她们两个都很爱好喝咖啡茶。

The people all agree to pass a law to protect wild animals.人们普遍承诺经过一项养护野灵巧物的规则。

They have both been living in Beijing for 20 years.她们两个在北京生存20年了。

You should all hand in your work tomorrow.来日尔等必需把功课交上。

④ 在大概答语中，al和both不行置于句末。

A:Were you all present at the meeting?尔等都加入聚会了吗?

B:Yes,we all were.是的，咱们都加入了。

A:Have you finished the homework?尔等实行功课了吗?

B:Yes,we both have.是的，咱们都实行了。

提防：all的十足否认情势是none；both的十足否认情势是neither如：

None of us is a worker./ None of us are workers.咱们都不是工人。

Neither of us is going to share the cost.咱们俩都不接受这笔用度。

⑤ all,both与not连用表白局部否认

如：Not all/both the teachers in this remote school have opportunity to get further education.

=All/both the teachers in this remote school don't have opportunity to get further education.

在这所遥远书院，不是一切（两个）教授都有时机去深造。

4.each,every

① each表白两者或两者之上的“每一个”，夸大“个别”，目标于把完全划分来商量。（简直的观念）作代词或刻画词，不妨作东语，宾语，定语和同位语。

如：Each of them has a mobile phone.（作东语）她们每一个都有一部大哥大。

From each according to his ability,to each according to his need.（作宾语）

各展其长，各取所需。

Each room can seat at least fifty people.（作定语）每个屋子起码能坐50人。

We each have a text book.(作同位语）咱们每部分有一本教科书。

提防：代词each作同位语，谓语动词与主语we维持普遍。

② every指三者或三者之上的“每一个”，夸大“理想”，表示无一不同，在句中只能作定语。（详细的观念）如：

Every student went to the Great Wall with their teachers last Sunday.

上周日理想师生去爬的万里长城。

提防：each of后跟可数动词或代词复数，every不与of连用。如:

Each of the houses here is painted a different color.这边每幢屋子都漆成各别的脸色。

③“every+基数词+动词复数”“every+底数词+动词单数”表白“每…，每隔……” 如：

He went to see his grandpa every five

days/every fifth day.他每五天去看一次爷爷。

⑴ every 与not连用，表白局部否认。

如：

Every man is not honest.

=Not every man is honest.

并非每部分都淳厚。

⑵ each与not连用，表白十足否认。如：

Each man is not honest

每部分都不淳厚。

⑶ 鄙人列短语中，用each和every均可。

each/every day;each/every

year,each/every time。但：

every now and then“常常，常常”为固

定构造，不许用each.

5.another,other,the other,others,the others

① another

⑴ 夸大三者或三者之上“另一个”，与可数动词单数连用，表白“另一个”，泛指（无完全范畴）如：

I have looked through these.Will you please show me another shirt?那些我都看了，能不许再拿一件衬衫给我看一看。

⑵“another+数词+复数动词”表白在原有普通上“又，再，特殊”如：

I have been here for two weeks and I will stay here for another three weeks.我在这边已呆了两周了，我还要在这边再呆三周。

② the other,other

⑴ the other：夸大两者之间的“另一个”，one…,the other…如：

On one side of the river grow

willows,and on the other side grow

poplars.河的一岸长着垂柳，另一岸长着小叶杨。

可与复数动词连用，表白“其余的人或物”如：

Can you distinguish Venus from the other stars?你能把太白星与其余的星星辨别飞来吗?

⑵ other：“其余的”，与复数动词连

用。如：

No matter what other people may said btick to my plan.尽管旁人说什么，我城市维持我的安置。

也可与单数动词连用，与单数动词连用时必需有the,some,any，no等词控制；“any + other+单数动词”，表白废除自己的“其余任何一个……”如：

I have no other shoe.

我没有其余可穿的鞋了。

Have you got any other book on this subject?

你还相关于这个题目的其余书吗?

John isn't here.He might be in some other room.

约翰不在这边，他大概在其余屋子。

⑶“数词十other+复数动词”表白“特殊的”如：

He found there were two other guests beside himself.他创造除去他本人再有其余两个宾客。

③ others,the others⑴ others “others =other+复数动词”，常与some连用，表白“少许”“另少许”。如：

Some of the questions are hard;others are easy.那些题目中有些很难，有些简单。

In the summer vacation,some like to travel,and others like to have part-time jobs.在暑假，有的人爱好旅行，有的人爱好上岗。

⑵ the others 作代词，表白一定范畴的其他的少许人或物。如：

There are five foreign students in our class.Two of them are British and the others(=the other three foreign students)are Americans.咱们班有五个番邦弟子，个中两个是英国人，剩下的三个是美利坚合众国人。

There are ten apples.Five of them are mine,the others are yours.这边有10个苹果，5个是我的，其他的5个是你的。

6.some,any

① some常用在确定句中，接可数动词复数或不行数动词。如：

Some people work to live,and some live to work.少许人为作是为了活着，少许人活着是为了处事。

I'd like some coffee with milk.我想重心加奶的咖啡茶。

② any多用来疑义句，否认句，或前提句中，表白“少许”，既不妨指可数动词复数，也可指不行数动词。如：

Have you got any money with you?

你身上带钱了吗?

There worit be any trouble.

不会有烦恼。

If you have any books,please give me

some.即使你有书，请给我少许。

③ 提防：

⑴ some偶尔也用来疑义句中，表白谈话者蓄意对方赋予确定的回复。如：

Would you like some tea?你想喝点茶吗?

⑵ any 偶尔也可用来确定句中，表白“任何一个”“任何少许”。如：

Any normal child can learn a language very quickly.任何平常的童子进修一门谈话都特殊快。

Tom is taller than any other student in my class.汤姆比班里的其余任何一个同窗都高。（汤姆是班里个儿最高的一位同窗）

⑶“some/any of +…”构造作东语时，谓语动词须要按照 of 反面的动词单复数而定。如：

Some of the food has gone bad.

有些食物蜕变了。

Some of them agree,and some of them don't.她们中有些人承诺，有些不承诺。

I don't think any of them are coming.

我觉得她们没人会来。

Any of your time is to be made full use of.该当充溢运用你的任何功夫。

⑷some 还可指某一个，此常常化装可数动词的单数情势，some的这种用法暗含不看法，不领会，不感爱好，不关心等道理。如：

Some person parked his car here.

有人把车停在了这边。

Some day I'm going to take a long motor trip.某一天我要骑摩托车做一次远程游览。

6.much,many

① many化装或包办可数动词，much化装或包办不行数动词。如：

He hasn't had much happiness these last few years.

迩来这几年他没有过几何舒心的日子。

How many times have you been there?你到何处去过几次?

② more是many和much的比拟级，many的比拟级前用many 等化装可数动词的用语；much的比拟级前用much等化装不行数动词的用语。如：

He has many (a lot/a few)more apples than I.他的苹果比我的多得多（多几个）。

He has much (a lot/a little)more money than I他的钱比我的多得多（多少许）。

③ 短语a good many和复数动词连用，谓语动词也用复数情势；manya后的动词，动词都用单数。如：

A good many books were imported last year.客岁入口了很多书本。

Many a man has tried it.

很多人都已试过了。

④ 作动词或代词，much普遍只用来否认句或疑义句。但much 可用在too，so及as之后的确定句中。如：

Does he know much about it?

他对此领会很多吗?

He spends too much money on beer.

他花太多的钱喝啤酒。

⑤ much ton化装刻画词或副词，意为“简直太.…”；too mnch化装不行数动词，表白“太多.……”如：

He drives much too carefully.

他发车简直太提防了。

I drank too much wine last night.

昨晚我的酒喝多了。

7. few,a few,little,a little

① few简直没有；表否认；包办或化装可数动词。a few几个，少许；表

little,a little作东语化装动词时，谓语动词用单数。如：

Few of them have been to London.

她们中简直没人去过伦敦。

There are a few mistakes in his

composition.

他的课文中有几处缺点。

Hurry up.There is little time left.

快点，快没功夫了。

② little 可作状语，化装刻画词、副词或刻画词、副词的比拟级情势，十分于a bit.意为“有点”。

not a little=very特殊，很

not a bit=not in the least/not at all

一点也不

如：He is a little/a bit taller than his brother.他比他的伯仲稍高级中学一年级点。

He is not a little tired.他很累。

He is not a bit tired.他一点也不累。

③ quite a few=many很多；

quite a little=much跟多

如：Quite a few people knew about it.

④ 相关的恒定搭配

not a few 十分多的

only a few仅少量，惟有几个

little or no 几平没有

little by little 渐渐地

2复合大概代词

somebody,anybody,nobodysomeone,anyone,no ones，something,anything,nothingeverybody

,everyone,everything

1. 作东语时，谓语动词一致用单数。

职员：

Everything is ready for the meeting.Is anybody absent?

提防：作反义疑义句，指物时，一致用单数

Everything is ready,isn't it?

Somebody was here yesterday,wasn't he?

Nobody came here yesterday,did they?（看不出单复数时，表泛指）

2. 当刻画词化装复合大概代词时，应放在后来，作后置定语。如：

He said nothing new.

My mother cooked something rice for dinner.

提防：复合大概代词可与else 连用。如：

Nobody else but Robert could ever say this thing.除去罗伯特，其余人不曾说过这件事。

Ask somebody else to help you.

请旁人帮你吧。

3. 复合大概代词后不行接 of 短语，但划分写的some one,every one,any one定后可接 of 短语。如：

Every one of the students can speak good English.那些弟子中每部分都能说一口流丽的英语。

You may tell any one of us.你不妨报告咱们中的任何一部分。（no one后不行接of短语，但none不妨）

★ 疑义代词

who,whom,whose,what,which.

1who

who指人，是主格。重要作东语或宾语。

如：Who saw you?谁瞥见你了?

Who is that girl哪女孩是谁?

2whom

whom指人，为who的宾格，用作定语。

如：With whom did you go to the concert?你和谁去听音乐会?

3whose

whose是用来咨询或人或某物属于谁的，在句中放在动词前作定语。

如：Whose bicycle is this?

这是谁的脚踏车?

4what

what用来对未知实物发问，重要指实物，也不妨指人的工作或身份特性，还可用来咨询价钱，人丁数目等。

如：What do you usually do on Sundays?礼拜天你常常做什么?

What color do you like?你爱好什么脸色？

What is your father?你父亲是做什么工作的?

① What...for?偶尔简略为What for?用来咨询因为或手段。

如：What do you spend all the money?for你干什么把那些钱都花光了?

What for?We still have enough food in the apartment.干什么？在公寓里咱们仍旧再有充满的食品。

② What i...用来表白假如，倡导，包括看法或疑惑等。

如：What if it rains while we are on the way?假如路径中降雨如何办?

What if I go with you to the bazaar tomorrow?来日我和尔等一块去市集如何样?

③ What about..？表白倡导或包括对方看法。

如：What about going to the zoo?去众生园如何样？

I don't want to leave,what about you?我不想走，你呢？

④ What do yon mean 用来向对方表白愤恨，生气等情结。

如：What do you mean by shutting the door so loudly?你这么高声关门是什么道理？

What do you mean by shouting at me?你对着我大嚷是什么道理？

5which

which可指人或实物，表白在某一范畴内采用。用来必需做出那种一定的采用时，which后不妨加of，而what 则不不妨。

如：Which color do you like better,red or yellow?赤色香港和记黄埔有限公司色你更爱好哪一种？

介词的分门别类

2百思特网介词短语的功效

介词不许独力在句中做出份，介词后必需与动词、代词、或动动词形成介词短语在句中充任一个因素，表白人、物、事变等与其它人、物、事变等之间的联系。

⒈ 做定语

如：They didn't find the solution to the problem.

⒉ 做状语

如：We have breakfast at seven.(表功夫）

They were late for the meeting because of the heavy rain.(表因为）

⒊ 做宾语

如：What do you mean by doing such a thing?(表本领）

Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(表前提）

⒋ 作宾语补足语

如：I found the old building in a bad condition.

3常考介词辨析

介词是英语中最活泼的词条之一，运用频次十分高，其用法跟冠词一律搀杂。

⒈ 表白沟通或一致观念的介词（短语）的辨别

⒉ 罕见同一刻画词与各别介词搭配时意旨上的分辨

⒊ 简单污染的含有介词恒定搭配的短语

4. 常用介词辨异

① about,on,of 对于

⑴ on 多用来留心的、正式的谈话寒暄场所。罕见于”学术上”的”舆论”或”演说”等标题，可供特意接洽这一题目的人观赏，有”论及”之意。

⑵ about表白的实质多为一致、不那么正式，有”述及”之意。

⑶ of作”对于”讲，表白说起、波及或人（事）时，只表白工作生存或爆发，并不波及确定；偶尔与about意旨邻近，但偶尔意旨很各别，常与动词know、hear、learn(传闻）、speak、talk、think、tell等连用。

② except,except for,except that,but,besides,beside

⑴ except“除……除外”，指不囊括…，反面常接动词、代词（人称代词常用宾格），还可接介词短语、副词和动词大概式，此时十分于but，但大概式常不带to。

⑵ except for"除去，惟有”，道理和except一律，重要指证明基础情景后，而在详细上加以矫正，反面常接动词性短语。

⑶ except that"除去，不过”，道理和except、except for一律。但在用法上，后来常接动词性从句，也可接when、where等词启发的其余从句。

⑷ but所含”除……外”的道理不如except精确。but 多用在代词（主假如大概代词、否认代词和疑义代词）之后。

⑸ besides 表白”除……外再有”，所废除的实物常囊括在所述范畴之内。其余，besides可用作副词，十分于also，有”并且，加之，而且”之意。

（6）beside也是介词，表白”在邻近”，只然而好像besides，简单彼此污染。即使在辨别前后有同类的用语时，就用except，要不就用except for。

③ including,included

⑴ including是一个介词，意为”囊括”，它普遍放在囊括东西的前方。

⑵ included是一个往日分词，意为”囊括”。它普遍用来被迫语态中，也可放在囊括东西的反面。

④ in，later,during 都与时段动词搭配

⑴ in作介词，同声段动词搭配，即”in+时段动词”，普遍用来未来时。

⑵ later 表白”……此后”，常同声段动词搭配，即”时段动词+later”，常与往日时连用。

⑶ during作介词时，同声段动词搭配，即”during+时段动词”，常与此刻时或未来时百思特网等连用。

⑤ in，with，by用

⑴ with常常指”用”简直的或无形的东西、器官等，偶尔也表白”用”那种本领、腔调等。

⑵ by作介词表白”用”时，普遍指”用”办法、本领等。反面常接动动词或动词，反面接动词时，该动词前方普遍不加化装语。

⑶ in指”用”谈话、字体、墨水、题材、作风、办法、现款、程序等。

② 介词的简略

⑴ 当表白功夫的词前有 this,that,next,last,every，each,some,any,all等时，介词常简略。

如：Come any day you like.你想哪天来就哪天来。

⑵ 表白功夫的动词前有大概冠词，且大概冠词作者”每…”解时，前方不必介词。

如：An apple a day keeps the doctor away.每天吃一个苹果，大夫不找我。

⑶ 风气搭配中介人词的简略

少许常和动词、动词或刻画词搭配的介词常简略，罕见的该类搭配有：spend money/time(in)doing sth,waste money/time(in) doing sth,have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth,be busy doing sth,stop/prevent sb(from)doing sth等。

③ 介词不行脱漏的情景⑴ 含有不迭物动词的大概式在刻画词easy，hard，difficult，comfortable等后作状语，且形成大概式的动词与句子的主语生存动宾联系或主语是大概式举措爆发的场所时，介词不许脱漏。如：

The chair is comfortable to sit on/in.

这把椅子坐着安适。

The man is difficult to work with.

这部分很难同事。

⑵当非谓语动词表白被迫意旨时，关系介词也不行简略。如：

The problem is well worth paying attention to.这个题目很犯得着关心。

⑶ 在被迫语态中，动词短语中的介词不许脱漏。如：

Your pronunciation should be paid attention to.你该当提防你的发音。

⑷在定语从句中，当从句的谓语和先行词形成动宾联系且从句谓语为不迭物动词时，必需加上介词。如：

The library which we often go to is not far away from our school.

咱们常常去的谁人典籍馆离咱们的书院不远。

⑸ 在too...to...，enough..to...，so..as to...等构造中，含有不迭物动词的大概式作截止状语，形成大概式的动词为不迭物动词，且该动词与主语形成动宾联系或主语为大概式举措爆发的场所时，介词不许脱漏。如：

The ice is too thin to skate on.

冰太薄了，不许在上头滑。

代词和介词

I.单项填空

1.【2019天津卷单项填空】3.A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than _________who are not.

A. ones B. those C. these D. them

【谜底】B

【领会】观察代词。句意：一项接洽表白，加入课外震动的弟子比不加入课外震动的弟子更欣喜。空格处代词与the students是对应联系，不妨用the ones大概those代替。“them”指代的是前边提到的复数动词，不许与the students产生对应联系。“these”普遍不必定语从句化装。故选B。

2.【2019江苏卷单项填空】27.Favorable policies are ___________ to encourage employees' professional development.

A. in effect B. in command C. in turn D. in shape

【谜底】A

【领会】观察介词短语。句意：好的轨制策略本质上城市激励职工的专科程度的提高。A. in effect本质上；B. in command引导；C. in turn轮番，顺序；D. in shape在形状上，居于杰出的状况。故选A。

3.【2018北京】14. —Good morning, Mr. Lee’s office.

—Good morning. I’d like to make an appointment _________ next Wednesday afternoon.

A. for B. on C. in D. at

【谜底】A

【领会】观察介词。句意：——早晨好，Lee教师接待室。——早晨好。我想预定下周三下昼（和Mr. Lee会见）。make an appointment for意为“为……预定”，是恒定搭配，故A选项精确。

4.【2018天津】11. Bob thought he couldn't go to the party because he had to write a report, but he went ___________.

A. at first B. after all

C. above all D. at random

【谜底】B

【领会】观察介词短语辨析及语境领会。句意：鲍勃觉得他不许去加入聚集，由于他不得不写一份汇报，但他究竟去了。A. at first开始；B. after all究竟，究竟。C. above all开始；D. at random随意地。按照前方的变化连词可知，与前方情景差异，故选B。

5.【2018江苏】33. China’s soft power grows _______ the increasing appreciation and understanding of China globally.

A. in line with B. in reply to C. in return for D. in honour of

【谜底】A

【领会】观察介词短语词义辨析及语境领会。句意：华夏的软势力延长日新月异寰球对华夏的观赏和领会相普遍。A. in line with依照；与...普遍；B. in reply to回复；C. in return for动作 ... 的酬报；D. in honour of为祝贺。故选A。

6.【2017天津卷】12. When you drive through the Redwood Forests in California, you will be _____ trees that are over 1,000 years old.

A. among B. against C. behind D. below

【谜底】A

【领会】

试题领会： 句意：当你发车穿过加州的红木丛林时，你将会坐落胜过世纪汗青的树木之间。 be among 坐落之间； be against 阻碍； be behind 在反面； be below在之下。按照句意，故选A。

7.【2017天津卷】13. We offer an excellent education to our students. ________, we expect students to word hard.

A. On average B. At best C. in return D. After all

【谜底】C

【领会】

试题领会：句意：咱们给咱们的弟子们供给极好的培养，动作汇报，咱们憧憬咱们的弟子们全力进修。A. 平衡起来，普遍说来 B. 最多，充其量 C. 动作回报 D. 究竟，究竟。按照句意故选C。

8.【2017江苏卷】32.Determining where we are _______ our surroundings remains an essential skill for our survival.

A. in contrast to

B. in defense of

C. in face of

D. in relation to

【谜底】D

【领会】观察介词短语的辨析。A. in contrast to比较，半斤八两；B. in defense of为……辩白；C. in face

of面临；D. in relation to与……相关。句意：按照范围的情况辩别方位仍旧是咱们存在的一项极端要害的

本领。故选D。

9.【2017北京卷】35. Many people who live along the coast make a living _______ fishing industry.

A. at B. in C. on D. by

【谜底】B

【领会】很多住在海边上的人都是靠渔业来营生的。此处用介词in,不必by,由于by反面常常接做什么工作来营生，此处是指在打鱼这个行业里，在这个行业里营生，用in，故选B。

10.【2016浙江】3. In many ways , the education system in the US is not very different from ____in the UK.

A. that B. this C. one D. it

【谜底】A

【领会】句意：在很多上面，美利坚合众国的培养体制和英国的培养体制很不沟通。指代下文的动词education system，用that，并且反面有介词短语作后置定语。This表白“近指”，one是泛指可数动词单数，it是特指下文提到的动词。故选A。

11.【2016天津】2. The dictionary is ______: many words have been added to the language since it was published.

A. out of control B. out of date C. out of sight D. out of reach

【谜底】B

【领会】句意：这古字典落伍了：自从它被出书，很多单词被减少到这个谈话中。A.遗失遏制；B.落伍的；C看不见的；D.够不着的。按照句意，故选B。

12.【2016浙江】6.That young man is honest , cooperative , always there when you need his help .______, he's reliable.

A. Or else B. In short C. By the way D. For one thing

【谜底】B

【领会】句意：这个年青人是淳厚的，有协作精力的，当你须要他的扶助的功夫，老是在何处。简言之，他是真实的。A.要不；B.简言之；C.特地说一下；D.开始。故选B。

13.【2016浙江】7. The study suggests that the cultures we grow up _______influence the basic processes by which we see world around us.

A. on B. in C. at D. about

【谜底】B

【领会】句意：接洽表白咱们生长的文明感化咱们看范围寰球的基础进程。The cultures反面是定语从句，简略that，定语从句中cultures作宾语，那么还缺乏一个介词，和cultures搭配用介词in，故选B。

14. [2015福建卷] The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but________ contained any useful suggestions.

A. all　　　 B. none　　　C. either　　　 D. neither

【谜底】D　

【领会】句意：鉴于这项观察，接洽小组创造了两份汇报，然而这两份汇报都没有包括任何有效的倡导。all(三者或三者之上)全都；none(三者或三者之上)都不；either两者中的任何一个；neither两者都不。

15．[2015四川卷] Niki is always full of ideas，but ________ is useful to my knowledge.

A．nothing B．no one C．neither D．none

【谜底】D　

【领会】nothing没有什么；no one没有人；neither两者都不；none(个中)没有一个。句意：Niki老是有很多的办法，但据我所知，没有一个是有效的。按照句意可知选D。

16. [2015陕西卷] To warm himself, the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against________．

A. another B. the other C. other D. either

【谜底】B　

【领会】所填词表白“两者中的另一个”，即两脚中的另一只脚，用the other，故选B。句意：为了给本人取暖，这位船员坐在火堆前方，光着的双脚彼此冲突着。

17. [2015天津卷] The quality of education in this small school is better than ________ in some larger schools.

A. that B. one C. it D. this

【谜底】A　

【领会】句意：这个袖珍书院的熏陶品质比少许大学一年级点的书院的熏陶品质要好。that包办下文提到的“The quality of education”。

18．[2015浙江卷] How would you like ________ if you were watching your favourite TV programme and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you?

A．them B．one C．those D．it

【谜底】D　

【领会】句意：即使你正在看你最爱好的电视剧目，而此时有人进入，连问都不问你，就把电视关掉了，你的体验会怎样？这边用it来指代反面if启发的宾语从句，以是选it。it和that都不妨代替“the＋单数可数动词或不行数动词”，都是特指，但it指代前方提到的“同一”实物，而that指前方提到的“同类”实物。one代替“a＋可数动词单数”，表白泛指。特指的the one十分于that；the one的复数情势the ones在书面语中也常用those包办；当反面有of短语时，普遍用that或those；当有前置化装语时，只能用one(s)，如the red one。one(s), the one(s), those, that都是代替“同类”实物，个中惟有that可代替不行数动词。

19. [2015重庆卷] The meeting will be held in September, but________ knows the date for sure.

A. everybody B. nobody C. anybody D. somebody

【谜底】B　

【领会】句中的but提醒纵然会通过在暮秋份，但简直日子没人真实清楚。

20.【2015浙江】3. Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes animals both on land and sea?

A. abou百思特网t B. to C. with D. over

【谜底】 B

【领会】句意：你能否有传闻过树是陆上众生和肩上众生的家？home to sth 恒定搭配，是什么的故乡的道理。该句是一个疑义句，个中还含有一个定语从句。比方这个句子变化为报告句该当是You have ever heard of the trees that are homes animals both on land and sea? 而后把定语从句独立拿出来看将会是trees are homes animals both on land and sea. 按照恒定搭配天然领会谜底是to。

II.语法填空

1.【2019新课标I卷语法填空】Modem methods ___63___ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform (perform) consistently over a large area.

【谜底】of/for

【领会】观察介词用法。此处tracking polar bear populations作Modern methods的定语，用of 贯穿，“methods of doing sth.”,意为“……的本领”，形成恒定构造。大概意为“对于盯梢南极熊的本领”用for。故填of/for。

2.【2019新课标III卷语法填空】We were first greeted with the barking by a pack___63___ dogs，seven to be exact.

【谜底】of

【领会】观察介词。“a pack of”意为“一群”。故填of。

3.【2019浙江卷语法填空】But can uniforms help improve school standards? The answer___61___ this question is not clear.

【谜底】to

【领会】观察介词。句意：这个题目的谜底不领会。the key/answer to ...这是恒定搭配，“……的谜底是……”。故填to。

4. 【2019北京卷语法填空】First celebrated ___5___ 1970，the Day now includes events in more than 190 countries and regions(地域).

【谜底】in

【领会】 in 观察介词的用法，年份前方该当加介词in。

5.【2019北京】I know I will whisper to ___3___(I) the two simple words “Be yourself”.

【谜底】myself

【领会】观察反身代词，此处用作宾语，表白对本人悄声说，以是用“myself”。

6. 【2018世界III】 I was searching ___67___ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing. No one had seen them for hours, and my colleagues and I were worried.

【谜底】for

【领会】观察动词短语搭配。search for是恒定搭配，表白“探求”，表白“我”在探求“我”接洽的三只西部洼地大猩猩。

7. 【2018浙江】 If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s home ___65___ dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.

【谜底】for

【领会】观察介词。表白去母亲家去用饭，表白手段用介词for，故填for。

8. 【2018世界I】If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give___70___a try.

【谜底】it或running

【领会】观察代词或动词的用法。咱们都该当试试跑步。此处give it a try意为：试试。此处it不妨指running。故填it或running。

9. 【2018世界III】When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find____68____(they) alive.

【谜底】them

【领会】观察代词。此处做find 的宾语，以是用宾格them。

10. 【2018浙江】Many westerners ___57___ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap ___58___ can be to eat out.

【谜底】who/that

【领会】观察联系代词。句中包括定语从句，先行词是westerners指人，在定语从句中做主语，用联系代词who/that启发，故填who/that。

【谜底】it

【领会】观察it用法。句子为感触句，平常语序该当是it can be cheap to eat out.个中大概式to eat out是真实主语，用it 是情势主语。故填it。

11.[2017世界卷Ⅰ]There has been a recent trend in the food service industry towards lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community(医知识界) 61.________ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.

【谜底】 as　

【领会】观察介词。这个做法首先是医知识界动作一种对立心脏病的情势发端的。as表白“动作”，故填as。

12.[2017世界卷Ⅱ]In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometres and allowed people to avoid terriblecrowds on the roads above as they travelled to and 62.________ work.

【谜底】from　

【领会】观察介词。与前方的介词to一道来表白左右班(to and from work)。

13.[2017世界卷Ⅲ]After school she plans to take a year off to model fulltime before going to university to get a degree 68.________ engineering or architecture.

【谜底】in　

【领会】观察介词。get a degree in是恒定搭配，意为“在……上面赢得学位”。

14.[2017世界卷Ⅱ]However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25，000 people were using 67.________ every day.

【谜底】it　

【领会】观察代词。it指代伦敦地下铁路。

15.【2016世界新课标I】On my recent visit, I help a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by _____68_ (it) mother.

【谜底】its

【领会】观察代词。 化装动词用刻画词性的主人代词，故填its。

16.【2016上海】(B)Do you, for instance, feel that too much is being expected of (37)______, and yet find it impossible to say no?

【谜底】you

【领会】观察左右文串联。句意：比方，你能否发觉到对你憧憬得太多了？本句的主语是you，以是仍旧运用宾格you动作介词of的宾语。

17.【2016四川】By that time, the panda no longer needed 48 (it)mother for food.

【谜底】its

【领会】句意：小猫熊不复须要它妈妈的食品。刻画词性主人代词化装动词，故填its。

18.【2016世界新课标I】But my connection with pandas goes back ____64__ my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s,

【谜底】to

【领会】观察介词。恒定短语：go back to “回到”。

19.【2016世界新课标II】Most of us are more focused 44 our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.

【谜底】on

【领会】观察恒定搭配。刻画词短语be focused on会合于....；很多人凌晨对工作的提防力要比晚些功夫的提防力更会合。

20.【2016世界新课标III】Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat __70__ their hands.

【谜底】with

【领会】观察介词。句意：在印度，大局部人仍旧用保守的用饭本领－－用手拿，with＋表白简直东西的动词，故填with。

21.【2016四川】The mother continued to care for the young panda 47 more than two years.

【谜底】for

【领会】句意：妈妈连接光顾小猫熊两年多。此处表白一段功夫，故填for。

22.[2015世界卷I]A few hours before/earlier， I'd been at home in Hong Kong, with 63.________(it) choking smog. Here, the air was clean and fresh, even with the rain.

【谜底】 its

【领会】观察刻画词性主人代词。几个钟点前，“我”在香港的家里，透气着令人阻碍的烟雾。反面为动词，故用its。

23.【2014新课标世界II】A woman on the bus shouted , “Oh dear “ It is 69 （I）”.

【谜底】me /mine

【领会】观察代词。从语境确定此处是做宾语，夸大“是我的包，大概是我丢了包”，填me或mine。

III.漫笔纠错

1.【2019新课标II卷漫笔纠错】When I studied chemistry high school, I reconsidered mg goal and decided to be a doctor.

【谜底】在high前方加at/in

【领会】观察介词。在高级中学，短语为at/in high school。故在high前方加at/in。

2. 【2019新课标III卷漫笔纠错】I want my cafe to have a special theme such as like "Tang Dynasty".

【谜底】去掉such as后的like

【领会】观察恒定短语。such as意为“比如说……”，用来陈列，反面无需加上like。故将like去掉。

3.【2019新课标I卷漫笔纠错】From then on, I started to play my football with classmates after school. I am a good player now.

【谜底】将my去掉

【领会】观察恒定搭配。踢足球的英语表白“play football”，中央不许加冠词大概代词。故将my去掉。

4.【2019新课标III卷漫笔纠错】 In the cafe, customers will enjoy yourselves in the historical environment that is created for them.

【谜底】yourselves改为themselves

【领会】观察反身代词前后普遍。此处指主顾们在这种气氛中会很欣喜，需用第三人称单数情势的反身代词，且为复数情势。故将yourselves改为themselves。

5. 【2018世界I】

They also had a small pond which they raised fish.

【谜底】which改成in which或where　

【领会】观察定语从句的联系词。她们再有一个小水池,内里养着鱼。此处a small pond是先行词,其在反面的定语从句中作场所状语,故用in which或where。

6. 【2018世界I】At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, but he agreed.

【谜底】简略for

【领会】观察介词的用法。功夫动词有every，each，last等词化装时，其前不必介词。故简略for。

but改成and 观察并列连词的用法。我安置每两年回顾一次，他承诺了。此处是并列联系，故将but改成and。

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