西方饮食文化(英文版)

When most people think of English food, the word they use to describe it is generally not flattering. Most people would be surprised to know, however, the English food is changing for the better. And the cuisine is more than just fish and chips. Many other cultures and cuisines are influencing British cuisine for the better, and even classic English dishes like Shepherd’s Pie and Bubble and Squeak are getting makeovers.The most popular dish in England today is Chicken Tikka Masala. And while that sounds like an authentic Indian dish, it was actually invented in England using Indian food as inspiration. In fact, this dish is now considered to be more quintessentially Indian than Tandoori Chicken, and its popularity has far surpassed England’s borders. On a trip to London last summer, I noticed that the menu at Garfunkel’s offered not only this dish, but fish and chips as well as pasta and American hamburgers.Of course, England, like everyone else in the world, has experienced the American fast food invasion. But fast food or “take-away” can also be Chinese, Indian, pizza, and Turkish. Additionally, you can also get fast food at a “chippy” (fish and chips shop) and pick up such portable English foods as pasties and pies (of the steak and kidney variety). Some take-away places can have a variety of cuisines in one place. In Bath, for example, I noticed a fish and chip shop that also had Chinese take-away. 本回答被网友采纳

The dining product as a result of factor and so on region characteristic, climatic environment, manners and customs influences, will appear in raw material, the taste, the cooking method, the food habit varying degree difference. Was precisely because of these differences, the dining product had the intense localization. Between China and the West culture's difference has accomplished China and the West diet culture difference, but this kind of difference and gets along with people the philosophy from the West different thinking mode. The Chinese pays great attention “the beauty to unite”, the westerner pays great attention “humanist”. here chats the Western diet culture difference briefly from the following three aspects. 本回答被提问者采纳

这个的话建议去作业帮

历代餐具看中国饮食文化饮食文化是中国值得自豪，也是最容易为世界各国所接受的一环。美味的食物享用得多，有没有考究过中国人何时开始脱离茹毛饮血的生活？何时开始用炉灶煮食？常吃的水饺、云吞何时出现？又怎样由分餐制度演化为围桌而食？……在正在香港举办的“美食配美器——中国历代饮食器具展”中，不仅得到答案，更可深入浅出地认识中国饮食喜好与器具的转变关系。据香港大公报消息，展览由中国国家博物馆提供100多件珍贵文物，该馆展览部副研究员胡晓建介绍说，该馆专门为这个专题展览而筹备、组织，展品大都是首次来港展出，其中10多件是国家一级文物，如新石器时代《灰陶釜、灶》、隋《金足金杯》、北魏《青瓷莲花尊》及汉代《铺首衔环铜?[》等。现场展出的《灰陶釜、灶》，是已知发现较早、且完整的炊具，胡晓建说，新石器时代的《附加堆纹灰陶鼎》是三足锅，《黑陶甑》是最早期的蒸屉，下半部盛水，称鬲，中间有孔隔，上面放食物。在旧石器时期，人类以烧烤为主，到了新石器时期，则开始用水煮、气蒸的手法，北方吃粟，南方吃稻。现场一件新石器时代《双耳小口尖底瓶》，两边的耳孔吊着绳子，放进河里入了水，陶瓶便会立起来，可见当时的先人打水也很有智慧。到了夏、商、周及春秋、战国时期，讲究饮食礼仪，闻名遐迩的青铜器工艺达到全盛期，由甑与鬲结合而成的?[，已发展至青铜器制。在春秋后期，已有饺子出现，而当时祖先开始懂得吃面食、云吞及粉食了。由于这段时期注重礼祭，出现了许多酒器，如现场展出的《戍马铜觚》是饮酒器，铜?F用以盛酒，而《窃曲纹龙首三足铜?B》是当时的调酒器，最特别的是《铜冰鉴》，冰酒器具，内置方形罐，用以盛酒。现场也展出了同时期常用的漆器餐具仿制品。汉代的展品较特别的有《铺首衔环铜?[》，是当时的铜烤炉，另外汉代陪葬品《陶灶》，反映出当时人们已有完整的炉灶设备，这座船型的陶灶是南方流行的款式，而北方只用简单的长方型炉灶。隋唐是中国文化与国势强盛时期，各民族在饮食文化上进一步交流融合，菜肴品种大增，建立不同饮食流派，当时已普及高足桌、椅，加上宴会菜式丰富，因此由分餐制的一人一套餐具形式演变为多人围桌合食的形式。当时着重华丽的生活，金银及玻璃器皿相继出现，并且造工精巧。现场展出的隋唐食器有入口自东罗马的《金足金杯》。另外在新疆出土的唐代《饺子、点心》，胡晓建说，点心是一些饼食，用面以花模印成漂亮的形状及花样，而饺子内则有肉，反映新疆地区也受中原饮食影响。至于其它朝代的展品，较特别的有东汉《宴饮杂技画像砖》、北魏《青瓷莲花尊》、辽《莲瓣形柄金杯》、南宋《影青瓷注及温碗》及清道光《粉彩锦荔枝盖碗》等。

When most people think of English food, the word they use to describe it is generally not flattering. Most people would be surprised to know, however, the English food is changing for the better. And the cuisine is more than just fish and chips. Many other cultures and cuisines are influencing British cuisine for the better, and even classic English dishes like Shepherd’s Pie and Bubble and Squeak are getting makeovers.The most popular dish in England today is Chicken Tikka Masala. And while that sounds like an authentic Indian dish, it was actually invented in England using Indian food as inspiration. In fact, this dish is now considered to be more quintessentially Indian than Tandoori Chicken, and its popularity has far surpassed England’s borders. On a trip to London last summer, I noticed that the menu at Garfunkel’s offered not only this dish, but fish and chips as well as pasta and American hamburgers.Of course, England, like everyone else in the world, has experienced the American fast food invasion. But fast food or “take-away” can also be Chinese, Indian, pizza, and Turkish. Additionally, you can also get fast food at a “chippy” (fish and chips shop) and pick up such portable English foods as pasties and pies (of the steak and kidney variety). Some take-away places can have a variety of cuisines in one place. In Bath, for example, I noticed a fish and chip shop that also had Chinese take-away.The stereotype that English food is merely bland roasted meats and vegetables is starting to fade away with the popularity of such British celebrity chefs as Jamie Oliver, Nigella Lawson, and Gordon Ramsay. They are well-known names abroad, and are starting to give English food a better reputation. They educate people on cooking foods with very fresh, high quality regional ingredients. These chefs also like to make traditional English foods with a twist by adding herbs and spices not found in Britain.Modern England also has a high concentration of vegetarians. Grocery stores and restaurants accommodate vegetarians very well, so if you’re a vegetarian tourist traveling through England, you can eat almost anywhere without worry.If you’re still leery of eating English food, give a traditional English breakfast a try. Many hotels serve it, and any restaurant that serves breakfast will generally offer it. While it’s no longer a staple in English households, it is still popular with tourists. The breakfast usually consists of fried bacon and eggs, toast, sausages, fried or grilled tomatoes, fried mushrooms, baked beans, and possibly black pudding (sausage made from blood). While I’ve never been brave enough to attempt black pudding, I generally find the other elements of an English breakfast to be excellent and filling. Also worth trying: Sticky Toffee Pudding, Cornish pasties, Shepherd’s/Cottage Pie, and Bangers and mash (sausages with mashed potatoes). And of course, try the Chicken Tikka Masala.

When most people think of English food, the word they use to describe it is generally not flattering. Most people would be surprised to know, however, the English food is changing for the better. And the cuisine is more than just fish and chips. Many other cultures and cuisines are influencing British cuisine for the better, and even classic English dishes like Shepherd’s Pie and Bubble and Squeak are getting makeovers.The most popular dish in England today is Chicken Tikka Masala. And while that sounds like an authentic Indian dish, it was actually invented in England using Indian food as inspiration. In fact, this dish is now considered to be more quintessentially Indian than Tandoori Chicken, and its popularity has far surpassed England’s borders. On a trip to London last summer, I noticed that the menu at Garfunkel’s offered not only this dish, but fish and chips as well as pasta and American hamburgers. Of course, England, like everyone else in the world, has experienced the American fast food invasion. But fast food or “take-away” can also be Chinese, Indian, pizza, and Turkish. Additionally, you can also get fast food at a “chippy” (fish and chips shop) and pick up such portable English foods as pasties and pies (of the steak and kidney variety). Some take-away places can have a variety of cuisines in one place. In Bath, for example, I noticed a fish and chip shop that also had Chinese take-away.The stereotype that English food is merely bland roasted meats and vegetables is starting to fade away with the popularity of such British celebrity chefs as Jamie Oliver, Nigella Lawson, and Gordon Ramsay. They are well-known names abroad, and are starting to give English food a better reputation. They educate people on cooking foods with very fresh, high quality regional ingredients. These chefs also like to make traditional English foods with a twist by adding herbs and spices not found in Britain.Modern England also has a high concentration of vegetarians. Grocery stores and restaurants accommodate vegetarians very well, so if you’re a vegetarian tourist traveling through England, you can eat almost anywhere without worry.If you’re still leery of eating English food, give a traditional English breakfast a try. Many hotels serve it, and any restaurant that serves breakfast will generally offer it. While it’s no longer a staple in English households, it is still popular with tourists. The breakfast usually consists of fried bacon and eggs, toast, sausages, fried or grilled tomatoes, fried mushrooms, baked beans, and possibly black pudding (sausage made from blood). While I’ve never been brave enough to attempt black pudding, I generally find the other elements of an English breakfast to be excellent and filling. Also worth trying: Sticky Toffee Pudding, Cornish pasties, Shepherd’s/Cottage Pie, and Bangers and mash (sausages with mashed potatoes). And of course, try the Chicken Tikka Masala. 本回答被网友采纳

When most people think of English food, the word they use to describe it is generally not flattering. Most people would be surprised to know, however, the English food is changing for the better. And the cuisine is more than just fish and chips. Many other cultures and cuisines are influencing British cuisine for the better, and even classic English dishes like Shepherd’s Pie and Bubble and Squeak are getting makeovers.The most popular dish in England today is Chicken Tikka Masala. And while that sounds like an authentic Indian dish, it was actually invented in England using Indian food as inspiration. In fact, this dish is now considered to be more quintessentially Indian than Tandoori Chicken, and its popularity has far surpassed England’s borders. On a trip to London last summer, I noticed that the menu at Garfunkel’s offered not only this dish, but fish and chips as well as pasta and American hamburgers.Of course, England, like everyone else in the world, has experienced the American fast food invasion. But fast food or “take-away” can also be Chinese, Indian, pizza, and Turkish. Additionally, you can also get fast food at a “chippy” (fish and chips shop) and pick up such portable English foods as pasties and pies (of the steak and kidney variety). Some take-away places can have a variety of cuisines in one place. In Bath, for example, I noticed a fish and chip shop that also had Chinese take-away.

Korea(韩国):Main Korea Republic food and drink characteristic: High protein , much vegetable , happy event delicate , abstain from greasy food, sense of taste is burned with the cold give first place to. Korean regards rice as staple food down the ages. Cooked food gives first place to stewing to cook and to roast system , is not used for a hot dish mainly. Korean likes to eat noodles , beef , chicken and dog's meat , does not like to eat steamed bread , mutton and duck meat. 韩国饮食的主要特点：高蛋白、多蔬菜、喜清淡、忌油腻，味觉以凉辣为主。韩国人自古以来把米饭当做主食。菜肴以炖煮和烤制为主，基本上不做炒菜。韩国人喜欢吃面条、牛肉、鸡肉和狗肉，不喜欢吃馒头、羊肉和鸭肉。 Japan(日本)Cooking culture introduces Japan Mention food and drink , be that food , vegetable , fish and flesh are that Japanesque non-staple food meal burns, and the Western Europe Chinese meal popularizes also very much like not only give first place to rice, before Japan can sample to rich various meal food. Japan is a very rich countries of high grade water resource , hygiene facilities improves and perfects also very much , drinks therefore running water is in any Japanese place being able to. Modern Japan culture is furthermore colorful. Girls are in the culture studying time-honoured Japan tradition, if sado , the ikebana simultaneous, also jump disco. The scene bordering but building the browse downtown area , antiquited temple and tower is not strange. Therefore modern Japan culture is antiquited have been tied in wedlock. 日本饮食文化介绍 说到饮食，不仅是以大米为主食、蔬菜、鱼与肉为副食的日本式餐点，而且西欧中国餐点一般也很普及，在日本可以品尝到丰富多样的餐食。日本是一个优质水资源非常丰富的国家，卫生设施也很完善，所以自来水在日本的任何地方都可以饮用。现代的日本文化更是多彩多姿。女孩子们在学习自古以来的日本传统文化，如茶道、花道的同时，也跳迪斯科。观览市区、古老寺院和高层建筑相邻而建的情景并不稀奇。故而现代的日本文化是结合了古老的、新兴的、西洋的和东洋的文化而形成。That Japanese loves the birthday department who raw fish is used for food , is covering up with sashimi as a result commonly is the most popular Japan in the homeland food. The Japanese cuisine is particular about the plain taste keeping food very much , does not encourage have added a condiment, use delicate give first place to. The color to cooked food has the very good request especially face to face, not only using all kinds of form , arrangement , colour collocation that the very delicate vessel does load food, to food to have very exquisite thinking also. Be taking a look on that is so meticulous that the day style being just like landscape painting-like takes care of , sometimes cannot bear to destroy that share for the first time to Japanese visitor beautiful. 日本人普遍爱食用生鱼，因而盖着生鱼片的寿司是日本国内最流行的食物。 日本料理非常讲究保持食物的原味，不提倡加入过多调料，以清淡为主。对菜肴的色面尤其有着很高的要求，不但使用各式各样非常精致的盛器来装食物，对食物的形状、排列、颜色搭配也都有很细腻的考虑。看着那一道道精细得有如风景画一般的日式料理，初到日本的游客往往不忍破坏那份美丽。

When most people think of English food, the word they use to describe it is generally not flattering. Most people would be surprised to know, however, the English food is changing for the better. And the cuisine is more than just fish and chips. Many other cultures and cuisines are influencing British cuisine for the better, and even classic English dishes like Shepherd’s Pie and Bubble and Squeak are getting makeovers.The most popular dish in England today is Chicken Tikka Masala. And while that sounds like an authentic Indian dish, it was actually invented in England using Indian food as inspiration. In fact, this dish is now considered to be more quintessentially Indian than Tandoori Chicken, and its popularity has far surpassed England’s borders. On a trip to London last summer, I noticed that the menu at Garfunkel’s offered not only this dish, but fish and chips as well as pasta and American hamburgers. Of course, England, like everyone else in the world, has experienced the American fast food invasion. But fast food or “take-away” can also be Chinese, Indian, pizza, and Turkish. Additionally, you can also get fast food at a “chippy” (fish and chips shop) and pick up such portable English foods as pasties and pies (of the steak and kidney variety). Some take-away places can have a variety of cuisines in one place. In Bath, for example, I noticed a fish and chip shop that also had Chinese take-away.The stereotype that English food is merely bland roasted meats and vegetables is starting to fade away with the popularity of such British celebrity chefs as Jamie Oliver, Nigella Lawson, and Gordon Ramsay. They are well-known names abroad, and are starting to give English food a better reputation. They educate people on cooking foods with very fresh, high quality regional ingredients. These chefs also like to make traditional English foods with a twist by adding herbs and spices not found in Britain.Modern England also has a high concentration of vegetarians. Grocery stores and restaurants accommodate vegetarians very well, so if you’re a vegetarian tourist traveling through England, you can eat almost anywhere without worry.If you’re still leery of eating English food, give a traditional English breakfast a try. Many hotels serve it, and any restaurant that serves breakfast will generally offer it. While it’s no longer a staple in English households, it is still popular with tourists. The breakfast usually consists of fried bacon and eggs, toast, sausages, fried or grilled tomatoes, fried mushrooms, baked beans, and possibly black pudding (sausage made from blood). While I’ve never been brave enough to attempt black pudding, I generally find the other elements of an English breakfast to be excellent and filling. Also worth trying: Sticky Toffee Pudding, Cornish pasties, Shepherd’s/Cottage Pie, and Bangers and mash (sausages with mashed potatoes). And of course, try the Chicken Tikka Masala. 参考资料： balla online 本回答被提问者和网友采纳

Western country like English or American, they don’t have fresh food because they buy their food from supermarket which only sells stored materials. Western people would also prefer fast food like burgers and chips. They are unhealthy to human body. Western people do not have many skills for cooking, mostly they only boil, steam and bake the food. By the way, western people are very good at making desert and chocolate. They can make very good cake and chocolate. They are very sweet but it’s sort of food which make you become fat quicklyIn western country people will think you only invited me but it’s not your responsibility to pay for me. I can afford it. They won’t be happy if you pay for them. People in China would always put dishes into customer’s plate to show their hospitality, but they will think it’s not healthy because your chopsticks have been used by you. In western country like America not England, people will always give tips to waiter after they finished meal in a restaurant. If you don’t they will not be happy because tips are one of their major income. In china this only happen in some top restaurants and hotels in large international cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Western people will also think you are rude if you make sound during the meal. Western people do not hold their bowl up even when they have a bowl of soup.Chinese people only have three meals during a day. But western people will have more, they have afternoon tea. Usually they would have fruits, homemade cake, tea (black tea) or biscuit with cheese. If you are a housewife and have a lot of time, you may have morning tea as well

中华饮食源远流长，经过长时间多民族的融合，已经发展成一个庞大的谱系。 中国以农耕民族为主，推崇熟食，所以煎炒烹炸花样翻新，欧洲国家游牧民族为主，饮食简洁，使用香料遮盖食物的味道。 当然这也是泛泛而谈，中国的各大菜系也相去甚远，西方国家弄出几十种风格也很正常。总的来说，高纬度地区口味浓，低纬度地区口味淡。 中西方饮食文化差异 餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。 这里简要从下面三个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 对比注重“味”的中国饮食，西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配；但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式羊排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。 中国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平，人们总是吃不饱，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，我想，这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事，那么就会出现两种现象：一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致，不仅维持生存，也利用它维持健康，这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础；另一方面，对吃的过份重视，会使人推崇对美味的追求。 在中国的烹调术中，对美味追求几乎达到极致，以至中国人到海外谋生，都以开餐馆为业，成了我们在全世界安身立命的根本！遗憾的是，当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时，我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值，我们的很多传统食品都要经过热油炸和长时间的文火饨煮，使菜肴的营养成分受到破坏，许多营养成分都损失在加工过程中了。因而一说到营养问题，实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。民间有句俗话：“民以食为天，食以味为先”。就是这种对美味的追求，倒使我们忽略了吃饭的真正意义。 中国人在品尝菜肴时，往往会说这盘菜“好吃”，那道菜“不好吃”；然而若要进一步问一下什么叫“好吃”，为什么“好吃”，“好吃”在哪里，恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明，中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”，即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化，恐怕仍然是很难涵盖得了的。 中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力，关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生，在于调和，要使食物的本味，加热以后的熟味，加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味，交织融合协调在一起，使之互相补充，互助渗透，水乳交融，你中有我，我中有你。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美，是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西，而味却是内在的东西，重内在而不刻意修饰外表，重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色，这正是中国美性饮食观的最重要的表现。 在中国，饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性，这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学，其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。中国菜的制作方法是调和鼎鼐，最终是要调和出一种美好的滋味。这一讲究的就是分寸，就是整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想，一切以菜的味的美好、谐调为度，度以内的千变万化就决定了中国菜的丰富和富于变化，决定了中国菜菜系的特点乃至每位厨师的特点。 二、中西饮食对象的差异 西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的，所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。 据西方的植物学者的调查，中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种，比西方多六倍。实际上，在中国人的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时，才进入平常的饮食结构，所以自古便有“菜食”之说，菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜，与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千缕万丝的联系。他们视动物为“生灵”，而植物则“无灵”，所以，主张素食主义。 西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时，觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配，有较为发达的食品工业，如罐头、快餐等，虽口味千篇一律，但节省时间，且营养良好，故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮：高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉；而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点，把中国人称为植物性格，西方人称为动物性格。 三、饮食方式的不同 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以，归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是，这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味，而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有，人们因为越来越繁忙的工作，觉得中餐做起来太麻烦，不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。 本回答由提问者推荐

Western culture creates the Western food cultureWestern culture refers to the broad Western Hemisphere and Eastern culture produced in the corresponding cultural system, the narrow sense that refers only to European culture Western culture, this article is to take a narrow Western culture. In the conquest of nature, to cultivate a scientific sense of the process, special attention to the development of Western rational thought, act and strive to meet the objective laws of nature, the individual for the community based, self-centered, focusing on personal dignity.Western food culture is Western culture will not integral part of both the influence by Western culture, while reflecting the characteristics of Western culture. Rational, standardized, with a simple, nutrition and focus on the pursuit of Western food culture is, respectively, and rational individual as the social standard of the accommodation of Western culture. Through the analysis of the Western food culture can be insight into the Western nation body, national psychology and national character; can understand Western philosophy of life, ways of thinking and values; can be more comprehensive understanding of Western culture, to cultivate people in the cross- ability to adapt to the time of cultural communication,Avoid contact during the East-West, due to cultural differences arising from communication barriers.

Western culture is being established in the western food culture, the western culture in the western hemisphere refers to the oriental culture and its culture and western culture is the only means of european culture, this is the special of the western culture. in the conquest of nature, develop science, in particular importance to the development of intelligent thought, to act in accordance with objective law of nature, in a society, self-centered and pay attention to the personal dignity. Western food culture of western culture is not or, it is part of the western culture, and reflects the characteristics of western culture. reason and standards, with simple and nutrition and pay attention to the western food culture, and rational, to the standard of western culture to be flexible. by western food culture, you can penetrate into the study of the people's national physical, psychological and national ethnic character;Can understand western life philosophy, thinking and values; may be more comprehensive understanding of the western culture to cultivate people in the cultural communication in order to avoid the ability to interact in the east and west, the cultural differences and the communication barrier

新春快乐！吉祥如意！幸福康健！新的一年，心平气和，顺顺利利，和和美美，团团圆圆！ 加分吧，嘻嘻为了久藏你的影子，在深冬，我给心灵再上一把锁。而如今，在这个日子，我从锁眼里仿佛又听到了自己的声音!加分吧，嘻嘻

I. Cultural differences on politeness between western and Chinese can be found in many aspects of daily communication, including addressing, greeting and parting,compliments, apologies, thanks, etc. In the following, we will look at some cultural different between China and western. 1.Greeting and Parting When people meet acquaintances or friends, people usually greet each other . The purpose of greeting is to establish or maintain social contact. So formulaic expressions are often used, but such formulaic expressions often causes conflict because of the great cultural differences between Chinese and native English speakers. In English, people often employ the following expressions to greet each other “Good morning/evening/afternoon. “Fine day, isn’t it? ”How is everything going?” Have you eaten yet?” What are you going to do?” Where have you been?”etc. Westerners treat them as real question. While in Chinese, we always say “你吃了吗？”“你上哪里去？”“你干什么去？”to show our consideration. Parting may be divided into two steps. Before the final prating, there is usual a leave-taking. Western and Chinese cultures have diverse ways to deal with leave-takings. Firstly, in English society, during the closing phase of an encounter, from ”I” perspective, reasons for terminating the encounter are presented in mitigatory comments. Typical comments are associated with expressions of apology, such as “I” am afraid I must be off, I have to relieve the baby-sitter” etc. Western people believe that to be willing to visit and converse with someone is to have respect for him.; to terminate the visiting is not of one’s own free will, but because of some other arrangements, therefore they always try to make their leaving sound reluctant by finding some reasons and apologize for it to make the leaving acceptable for both parties. English speakers often signal several times before leaving. “Well, it’s been nice to see you again. I do enjoy our talk and the lovely dinner, but I must be going soon”. Thank you very much for asking me over. I hope we’ll be able to get together again before long…” Consolidation in a wider range of common acquaintances also occurs, in expressions such as “Say hello to Jack for me” or “Remember me to John”. In Chinese society, during the closing phase of and encounter, usually, from a “you ”perspective, reasons for ending the encounter are set forth in mitigatory expressions. Such expressions include“你挺忙的，我就不多打扰了。”“你一定累了，早点休息吧，我 要告辞了。”, etc. With these words, they may stand up from their seats. Chinese leave-taking is very short and quick. Western people think it so abrupt that they have not prepare for it. While moving to the door, Chinese employ expressions of apology like“对不起没，打扰了。”“对不起，占用你不少时间。”It should be noted that these expressions employed by Chinese guests to show concern for their hosts can only be appropriate for business visits in the English environment2..AddressingBoth western and Chinese people have two kinds of personal names---a surname and a given name. But the order and the use of these names in the two languages are somewhat different. In Chinese, the surname comes first and then the given name. And people like add“小”before their family name. Such as“小王”、“小郑”、“小李”、“小徐”and so on.. While westerners names are written and spoken with the given name first and the family name last. So John Smith's family name is Smith, not John. In a formal setting, address men as "Mister" (abbreviated as "Mr."), married women as "Misses" (abbreviated as "Mrs."), and unmarried women as "Miss" (abbreviated as "Ms."). These days many women prefer to be addressed using the abbreviations "Ms." or "M.", pronounced "miz". If the person has an M.D. or Ph.D., they will often be addressed as "Doctor" (abbreviated as "Dr."). Faculty are addressed as "Professor" (abbreviated as "Prof.").In an informal situation,westerners will introduce each other by first name, without titles, and occasionally by just the last name. If you are introduced to somebody by first name, you can address him or her by first name the next time you meet. The only exception would be for someone who holds an important position, such as the university president or provost. Unless they tell you otherwise, faculty should be addressed using their title and last name (e.g., "Professor Smith"). When in doubt, use the formal manner of address, since it is better to err on the side of formality. It is also appropriate to ask how they prefer to be addressed. Children should always address adults in the formal fashion, using their title and last name. Another difference is about the form of addressing. From the viewpoint of sociolinguistics, forms of addressing can serve as an indication of the relationship of power and solidarity in the society. In calling their superiors or elders, the Chinese are accustomed to the nonreciprocal or asymmetrical addressing, in other words. They use “title +surname” to address their superior or elders rather than call them surnames, while the superior or elders call the addressers their names. The Chinese tend to abide by the polite principle of depreciating oneself and respecting others to show appropriate respects towards the persons being addressed, otherwise, the addresser may be considered as ill mannered, ill educated or rude. But in English speaking countries, people have a tendency to follow the reciprocal or symmetrical addressing. Although they are different in age and status, they can call the other directly, namely, their names, even first names except when they call the doctors, not arousing offence between them, but demonstrating the sense of intimacy and the conception of” Everyone is created equal”. Chinese people feel unnatural addressing a westerner by his given name, feeling that it indicates too close a relationship, and westerners, on the other hand, may feel that if a Chinese insists on using his surname, it indicates an unwillingness to be friendly and maintains a gap between them. So the use of forms like” Miss Mary” or “Mr. Smith ” may be a Chinese forms of compromise. With Miss Mary, the use of the given name indicates friendliness, but the addition of the title indicates the respect they feel they ought to show. And with Smith, the lack of a title indicates friendliness, but the use of the surname prevents if sounding too intimate. However, both addressing used by the Chinese sound very strange and uncomfortable to the westerner. 3.Compliments and ResponseTo compliment is to praise the addressee’s virtues, ability, behavior, appearance, clothing, personality and belongs. Appropriate compliments can serve as effective supplementary means in inter-personal communication. Western and Chinese culture are at polar opposites about compliment. An western hostess, if she is complimented for her cooking skill, is likely to say,” Oh, I am so glad that you liked it. I cook it especially for you.” Not so is a Chinese hostess, who will instead apologize for giving you “Nothing”. They will say“随便作几个菜，不好吃。”If translate this into English“I just made some dishes casually and they are not very tasty. Perhaps the foreigner will think why you invite me to you family and have the untasty food. You aren't respect me. The English-speaking people are more active to praise others and to be praise than Chinese people. For example, the Americans are “straight forwardness”, the Chinese take pride in “modesty”. That modesty has left many a Chinese hungry at an Americans table, for Chinese politeness calls for three refusals before one accepts an offer and the Americans hosts take ”no ” to mean “no ”, whether it is the first, second or third time. Still bigger differences exist in people’s attitude towards compliments, i.e., in the response to compliments. Chinese are tend to efface themselves in words or refuse it, although they do feel comfortable about the compliments . So many westerners simply feel puzzled or even upset when their Chinese friends refused their compliments. The Chinese people are not intending to be modest with the sacrifice of friendship in so doing, but it is rather due to the traditional Chinese philosophy, that of modesty. The Chinese people regard modesty as a most valuable virtue, so they seldom agree to the compliment on their own. 本回答被提问者采纳

The Western culture manner 's “ dinner table manners" The habit of have mealing of west is different from we much have, especially colloquy a western meal the party, rules is rather many.When join in a western meal parties should notice the following items: 1, the wine that foreigner is general did not let the habit let the vegetables, therefore you like to eat the what, no harm to much take the point. 2, should wait the all guest the in front to all ascended the vegetables, hostess to picked up her knife with after fork signal hint can just use the meal. 3, the table napkin should spread on the knee.Can also defend at the neck is last or chest front, but not very square.Can wipe the oil on your mouth or stains on the finger with table napkin dime, but the absolutely not can the wipe cutlery. 4, have meal to sit properly body not want two arms lay down horizontally on the table. 5, usage knife and fork hour, should the left hand use the fork, and by hand use the knife.Slice the meat should avoid the knife to slice on the porcelain dish to send out the sound.Midway let go of the knife and fork, and should report the "eight" the matrix cent put on the plate.If the knife and fork put together, mean to complete with meal. 6, want to drink the water, should be first food pharyngeal bottom.While drinking the water with glass cup, want to wipe the oil stains on the mouth first, and the in order to prevent make dirty the cup. 7, if sneeze or cough, or want the bathroom, should humality that face surroundings sorry. 8, have meal, always remain mum to is not polite , but mastication food the hour don't speak the words, and swallow again answer. 9, be the bellboy according to this give the guest top vegetables, walk to the left side that you, just the your turn take the vegetables. Complete with meal, and the hostess stand to rise, and can just leave the seat.The table napkin puts on the table, and don't shine on the original kind fold good (一)基本的讲究 排列座次时，国内外的基本作法有所不同。在涉外场合排列座次时，一般均应遵守国际惯例。 1.我国传统作法 在排列并排的座次时，我国的传统作法是"以左为上"，即认为居左之位高于居右之位。当前，国内在举行会议及正式合影时，仍多沿用此法。 2.国际通行作法 并排排列座次时，国际上的通行作法是"以右为上"，即认为居右之位高于居左之位。在涉外场合，它已被广泛采用。 关于中国人的宴席座次礼仪 古代中国素有“礼仪之邦”之称，讲礼仪，循礼法，崇礼教，重礼信关于中国人的宴席座次礼仪 ，守礼仪，是中国人数千年的传统。“不学礼，无以立”，礼的核心是人的社会行为规范，是中国民众已经习惯和风俗化了的社会性行为准则、道德尺度与各种礼节。所谓“礼节民心，让则不争”；“衣食既足，礼让以兴”，礼就是个人利欲心的节制和人群利益的调度。讲礼，就是要谦恭退让，“礼”与“让”往往相连，这就是“礼让”一词的由来和义释。 中国最早的礼和最普泛、最重要的礼，可以说就是食礼，“夫礼之初，始诸饮食”，用食来敬神，表明“礼”是极隆重的事，并且是起源很早的。礼是以个人的文化学识与心性修养为基础的。检验一个人修养的最好场合，莫过于集群宴会了。因此，“子能食食，教以右手”（《礼记·内则》），家庭启蒙礼教的第一课便是食礼。而中国宴会繁缛食礼的基础仪程和中心环节，即是宴席上的座次之礼——“安席”。史载，汉高祖刘邦的发迹就缘于他于沛县令的“重客”群豪宴会上旁若无人“坐上坐”。当时还是“席地而坐”，“上坐”，乃宴席的“尊位所在”，亦即“席端”。这种宴席上的“上坐”，因坐制的饮食基础器具、几案、餐桌椅形制的历史演变而有时代的不同。两汉以前，“席南向北向，以西方为上”，即以面朝东坐为上。《史记·项羽本纪》中鸿门宴会的座次是一规范：“项王、项伯东向坐，亚父南向坐，亚父者，范增也。沛公北向坐，张良西向坐”，此即顾炎武所谓：“古人之坐，以东向为尊。”着是指的“室”内设宴的座礼。而在位于宫室主要建筑物前部中央坐北朝南的“堂”上，则是以南向为最尊，次为西向，再次为东向。隋唐以后，开始了由坐床向垂足高坐起居方式的转变，方型、矩型诸种形制餐桌均以齐备，座次利益也因之有新的改变。方桌以边长92.5厘米、高87.5厘米的“八仙桌”为代表，贵客专桌，等而下之可2人、3人、4人、6人或8人一桌。除专桌以外，两人以上者，一般为1:1主陪客制。圆桌是应聚宴人多和席面大的要求之运而生的。最初也让用惯了方桌的人们颇不顺应，正如袁枚《园几》诗所说：“让处不知谁首席，坐时只觉可添宾。” 圆桌成清中叶后饭店酒楼流行的餐台式样，今日家庭中亦普遍使用，尤为今日餐饮业及机关企业食堂的会宴用桌面。其座次一般是依餐厅或室的方位与装饰设计风格而定，或取向门、朝阳，或依厅室设计装饰风格所体现出的重心与突出位置设首位。通常服务员摆台时以口布折叠成花、鸟等造型，首位造型会非常醒目，使人一望而知。而隆重的大型宴会则往往在各餐台座位前预先摆放座位卡（席签），所发请柬上则标明与宴者的台号。这样或由司仪导入，或持柬按图索骥、对号入座，自然不易出错。 参考资料： http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/35040648.html?fr=qrl3