中国概况的目录

前言第一章 中国的国土第一节zd 地理第二节 气候第三节 资源第四节 行政区划第二章 中国的历史第一节 古代史第二节 近代史第三节 现代史第四节 当代史第三章 中国的人口第一节 人口演变第二节 人口结构第三节 计划生育第四章 中国的民族第一节 民族状况第二节 民族政策第三节 发展变化第五章 中国的政治制度第一节 政治体制第二节 政府机构第三节 司法制度第六章 中国的经济第一节 前进历程第二节 经济成就第三节 改革开放第七章 中国的科技第一节 古代科技第二节 四大发明第三节 当代科技第八章 中国的教育第一节 古代教育第二节 近现代教育第三节 当代教育第九章 中国的传统思想第一节 儒家思想第二节 道家、法家等第三节 儒学在国外第十章 中国的文学第一节 古代文学第二节 现代文学第三节 当代文学第十一章 中国的艺术第一节 书法·绘画第二节 音乐·舞蹈第三节 饭菜酒茶第十三章 中国的旅游第一节 旅游资源第二节 旅游事业第三节 名城选介第十四章 中国的国际交往第一节 外交关系第二节 对外贸易第三节 文化交流中国基础知识问答题参考书目

《中国概况》突出了如下几点：第一，系统全面，本课不是关于中国某一种或几个方面的介绍，而是对中国各方面知识的系统讲授。当然，所谓全面也是相对的，不可能包罗万象，但是，需要让外国留学生了解的基本方面，就尽尽可能讲到。第二，简明概括。本书毕竟不是一部小百科全书，而一门课程，它的容量要受到整个计划和课时的限制。因此，既然要系统全面，就不可能将每个专题都充分地展开，这是一个很大的矛盾。第三，通俗易懂。《中国概况》作为一门知识文化课程，比起汉语课来，内容广泛得多，词汇量大得多。考虑到外国留学生的接受能力，本书在表达上，尽量做到条理清晰，平实自然，通俗易懂。通过这门课程，力图使学生不但能获得关于中国的大量知识，而且在阅读和听力也有明显的提高。本课的教学方法，主要是教师教zhidao学讲授，同时，适当安排看录像、课堂讨论、参观访问等。

中国概况中国的地理位置中国的行政区划中国的地形中国的近海中国的气候中国的水系北京市华夏至尊、京畿首善北京市全图北京市地形图北京城区图自然地理现代北京旅游北京奥运北京民俗文化天津市九河下梢、海河要冲天津市全图自然地理旅游地理民俗文化天津城区图河北省涿鹿之战，胡服骑射，燕赵悲歌事未消河北省全图河北省地形图自然地理旅游地理民俗文化石家庄市山西省大槐树下寻祖先，煤炭大省展新颜山西省全图山西省地形图自然地理旅游地理民俗文化太原市内蒙古自治区敕勒川，阴山下，天似穹庐，笼盖四野内蒙古自治区全图内蒙古自治区地形图自然地理旅游地理民俗文化呼和浩特市辽宁省渤涛鹤舞的重工业基地辽宁省全图辽宁省地形图自然地理旅游地理民俗文化大连市沈阳市吉林省白山松水，中华一汽吉林省全图吉林省地形图自然地理旅游地理民俗文化长春市黑龙江省莽莽林海、皑皑雪原：最东和最北的东北黑龙江省全图黑龙江省地形图自然地理旅游地理民俗文化哈尔滨市上海市上海的风花雪月与光荣梦想上海巾全图自然地理旅游地理民俗文化上海城区图江苏省画意山水，光色潋滟，谁不爱江南江苏省全图江苏省地形图自然地理旅游地理民俗文化南京市浙江省花柳繁华地，温柔富贵乡浙江省全图浙江省地形图自然地理旅游地理民俗文化杭州市安徽省一生痴绝处，无梦到徽州安徽省全图安徽省地形图自然地理旅游地理民俗文化合肥市福建省鼓浪琴声、客家土楼、三坊七巷、惠安风情福建省全图福建省地形图自然地理旅游地理民俗文化福州e79fa5e9819331333361303035市江西省文章节义之邦，红色记忆之地江西省全图江西省地形图自然地理旅游地理民俗文化南昌市山东省千年礼乐归东鲁，万古衣冠拜素王山东省全图山东省地形图自然地理旅游地理民俗文化济南市青岛市河南省典藏古老中国，成就今日粮仓河南省全图河南省地形图自然地理旅游地理民俗文化郑州市湖北省万里长江横渡，极目楚天舒湖北省全图湖北省地形图自然地理旅游地理民俗文化武汉市湖南省洞庭水、岳阳楼，楚人风流遍潇湘湖南省全图湖南省地形图自然地理旅游地理民俗文化长沙市广东省广西壮族自治区海南省重庆市四川省贵州省云南省西藏自治区陕西省甘肃省青海省宁夏回族自治区新疆维吾尔自治区香港特别行政区澳门特别行政区台湾省

Brief Introduction to China Location The People Republic of China is situated in eastern Asia on the western shore of the Pacific Ocean, with an area of 9.6 million square kilometers. China's continental coastline extends for about 18,000 kilometers, and its vast sea surface is studded with more than 5,000 islands, of which Taiwan and Hainan are the largest.Land Formation and Rivers China's land drops off in escarpments eastward to the ocean, letting in humid air current and leading many rivers eastward. Among the rivers totaling 220,000 kilometers in length in China, the Changjiang (Yangtze) and the Huanghe (Yellow) are world known.China has beautiful scenery, with mountains and ranges, highlands, plains, basins, and hills. The highlands and hill regions account for 65 percent of the country's total land mass, and there are more than 2,000 lakes. The highest mountain peak is Qomolangma (Everest), the highest in the world, 8,848 meters above sea level; the lowest point is the Turpan Basin, 154 meters below sea level.ClimateChina is characterized by a continental climate. The latitude spans nearly 50 degrees. The greater part of the Chinese territory is situated in the Temperate Zone, its southern part in the tropical and subtropical zones, and its northern part near the Frigid Zone. Temperatures differ therefore rather strikingly across the country. The northern part of Heilongjiang Province has long winters but no summers; while the Hainan Island has long summers but no winters. The Huaihe River valley is marked by distinctive seasonal changes, but it is spring all year round in the south of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. In the northwest hinterland, the temperature changes dramatically. China high tundra zone is situated in the Qinghai-Tibet, where the temperature is low in all four seasons. Some desert areas are dry all year round.ResourcesChina abounds in natural resources. It leads the world in many proven mineral deposits; No country in the world boasts more wildlife than China, many of which are native to China, such as giant panda, snub-nosed golden monkey, and Chinese alligator; China's dawn redwood and Cathaya argyrophylla are known as the living fossils of ancient plants.To protect the nation's native animals and plants, especially the endangered species, China has established more than 700 nature reserves. History China, with a recorded history of 5,000 years, is one of the world's earliest civilizations.In the 21st century B.C., China entered slave society with the founding of the Xia Dynasty, thereby writing a finale to long years of primitive society. The Xia was followed by the Shang and Western Zhou Dynasty, Which encompassed the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods.In 221 B.C., Qin Shihuang established China's first centralized autocracy, the Qin Dynasty, thereby ushering Chinese history into feudal-ism, which endured in a succession of dynasties, such as the Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing, until the Opium War of 1840.The economy and science and technology were relatively well developed in ancient China. During the Shang Dynasty some 3,000 years ago, the Chinese had mastered the art of bronze metallurgy, and invented iron implements; Many distinguished thinkers, scientists, artists and writers came into being. The contributions to world civilization of ancient China's four inventions: papermaking, printing, powder, and the compass, as well as remarkable achievements in mathematics, medical science, astronomy, agriculture, and architecture, are universally recognized.The Bourgeois Democratic Revolution of 1991 led by Sun Yat-sen toppled the rule of the Qing Dynasty, put an end to more than 2.000 years of feudal monarchical system and culminated in the establishment of the provisional government of the Republic of China.The People's Republic of China was founded on October 1,1949. Today, China is implementing reform and opening-up policies, and has established socialist market economy, thereby charting the course for socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics. Population China, as the word's most populous country, has a population exceeding 1.2 billion, which makes up 22 percent of the world total. To bring population growth under control, the country has followed a family planning policy since the 1970s.The minority people of ChinaEthnic Groups China is a multiracial country with 56 ethnic groups, including Achang, Bai, Bonan, Blang, Bouyei, Korean, Daur, Dai, De'ang, Dongxiang, Derung, Oroqen, Russian, Ewenki, Gaoshan, Gelao, Hani, Kazak, Han, Hezhen, Hui, Jino, Gin, ingpo, Kirgiz, Lahu, Li, Lisu, Lhoba, Manchu, Maonan, Mongolian, Monba, Miao, Mulam, Naxi, Nu, Primi, Qiang, Salar, She, Sui, Tajik, Tatar, Tu, Tujia, Va, Uygur, Uzbek, Xibe, Yi, Yuigur, Yao, Tibetan, and Zhuang. The Han people account for 92 percent of the population. No matter how big or small the population is, all peoples share equal rights.Religion China is a multi-religious country. Taoism, Buddhism, lslamism, Protestantism and Catholicism have all developed quite a following in this country. Freedom of belief is a government policy, and normal religious activities are protected by the constitution.Language and Character Chinese is commonly used in modern China. It is one of the five working languages designated by the United Nations. The majority of the 55 ethnic groups have their own languages. As a written language, Chinese has been used for 6,000 years.Family Names Chinese family names came into being some 5,000 years ago. There are more than 5,000 family names, of which 200 or 300 are popular. The order of Chinese names if family name first. For instance, the family name of a person called Zhang Side is Zhang. Administrative Units China is divided into 23 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities under the direct jurisdiction of the Central Government, and one special administrative region. The 23 provinces are Hebei, Shaanxi, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi,Guangdong, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Hainan; The five autonomous regions are Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Guangxi, and Tibet; The four municipalities are Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing; Hong Kong is the special administrative region.The CapitalBeijing is the capital of the People's Republic of China. It is not only the nation's political centre, but also its cultural, scientific and educational heart and a key transportation hub. Beijing has served as a capital for more than 800 years. The city had many places of historic interest and scenic beauty, including the imperial Palace (also known as the Forbidden City), the largest and best-preserved ancient architectural complex in the world; the Temple of Heaven, where Ming and Qing emperors performed solemn rituals for bountiful harvests; the Summer Palace, the emperors' magnificent garden retreat; the Ming tombs, the stately and majestic mausoleums of 13 Ming Dynasty emperors; and the world-renowned and genuinely inspiring Badaling section of the Great Wall. Large-scale construction since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 has brought great changes to Beijing. Today's Beijing still retains the alluring fascination of an ancient capital, but has added a small forest of skyscrapers and a complete range of municipal facilities, transforming itself into an attractively modern metropolis redolent of history.The National Flag, National Emblem and National AnthemThe national flag of the People's Republic of China is red in color, rectangular in shape, with five stars. The proportion between the length and height of the flag is three to two. The five five-pointed yellow stars are located in the upper left corner. One of them, which is bigger, appears on the left, while the other four hem it in on the right.The red color of the flag symbolizes revolution; the stars take on the yellow color in order to bring out their brightness on the red ground. The larger star represents the CPC, while the four smaller ones, the Chinese people. The relationship between the stars means the great unity of the Chinese people underthe leadership of the CPC.The national emblem of the People's Republic of China is Tiananmen in the center illuminated by five stars and encircled by ears of grain and a cogwheel. The ears of grain, stars, Tiananmen and cogwheel are painted golden, and the inner part of the circle and hanging ribbons are painted red because these two colors are traditional Chinese colors representing auspiciousness and happiness. Tiananmen symbolizes the unyielding national spirit of the Chinese people in their fight against imperialism and feudalism; the ears of grain and cogwheel represent the working class and the peasantry; and the five stars stand for thegreat unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of the CPC. The national anthem was created in 1935, the lyrics by Tian Han, a famous poet, and the music by Nie Er, a famous composer. The lyrics are as follows:Arise, ye who refuse to be slaves;With our very flesh and bloodLet us build our new Great Wall!e79fa5e98193e58685e5aeb931333231393563The peoples of China are in the most critical time,Everybody must roar his defiance.Arise! Arise! Arise!Millions of hearts with one mind,Brave the enemy's gunfire,March on!Brave the enemy's gunfire,March on! March on! March on, on!This song, originally named March of the Volunteers, is the theme song of the film, Young Heroes and Heroines in Stormy Years. The film describes the people who went to the front to fight against the invaders in the 1930s when Japan invaded northeast China and the fate of the Chinese nation was hanging in the balance.March of the Volunteers, inspiring and forceful, expresses the determination of the Chinese people to sacrifice themselves for national liberation, and their fine tradition of bravery, firmness and unity in their fight against aggression. It was for this reason that the CPPCC on September 27, 1949 decided to adopt the song as the national anthem of the People's Republic of China, and the National People's Congress on December 4, 1982 officially decided to adopt the song as the national anthem of the People's Republic of China.http://www.china-window.com/china_travel/china_tourism/brief-introduction-to-chi.shtmlhttp://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/index.htm