谁能帮我做一下"中国姓氏的来源与发展"ppt，谢谢

姓氏笔画排序表　　王光明、王定光、邓慧、杨存、杨先、杨绍平、李学军、李萍芬、陈菊仙。　　《姓氏笔划排列顺序索引》　　一画：乙　　二画：丁 卜 人 刁 刀　　三画：干 于 土 万 万俟 弋 上 上官 口 山 千 乞 义 广 门 尸 弓 卫 也 女 习 马 子 子车 子叔 么　　四画：支 云 元 元官 元 天 开 井 木 王 五 屯 车 丰 韦 太史 太叔 尤 戈 历 区 巨少正 中 贝 化 督 仇 从 介 仓 公 公上 公山 公户 公玉 公仪 公西 公仲 公孙 公羊 公坚 公伯 公冶 公良 公祖 公乘 公族 公皙毛 午 开 长孙 氏 乌月 风 凤 计 卞 文 方 亢 户 火 为 斗 邓 双 孔 允 尹 丑 巴 水 母丘 毋　　五画：艾 节 平 丙 正 玉 古 未 世 东 东门 东方 东宫 东郭 厉 布 石 右 左 左丘 龙归 帅 北门 北宫 北唐 叶 卢 田 申 申 屠 甲 史 冉 付 仙 仪 印 令狐 务 丛 禾生 丘 白 句 包 乐 乐正 冯 邝 礼 主兰宁 必 闪 弘 阡 召 台 皮 司马 司空 司徒 司寇 边　　六画：邦 邢 戎 巩 权 芒 吉 老 老成 西 西门 列 有 在 成 百里 夹谷 毕 尧 过 臣匡 夷 夷羊 师 尘 光 吕 早 同 因 回 曲 竹 先 乔 年 朱 伟 伍 伏 仲 仲孙 件 任 仰 伊 伉 华 向 行人 舟 后 全 会郎 多 危 刘 齐 充 庄 庆 付 忙 闭 问 州 冲 江 汲 地 汤 汝 宇文 守 安 关 羊 舌 米 讴 许 祁 农 那 阮 阳 阴 防如 戏 牟 孙 红 纪 实　　七画：麦 寿 吞 远 在 枯 杨 刚 豆 贡 芮 会 花 芦 苏 劳 孝 李 吾 严 巫 巫马 酉甫 束 更 励 邳 还 来 抉 抄 析 投 抗 轩 轩辕 连 求 步 华 坚 肖 歧 时 旷 别 呈 吴 民 岑 钊 利 私 每 何 但 伸佚 伯 伶 佟 佗 邱 佘 余 谷 犹 狄 彤 邸 邹 奂 言 辛 库 应 怀 忻 闵 冻 况 冷 汪 沐 沙 沙吒 沙陀 沃 沈 羌 宋 牢罕 良 张 改 即墨 灵 尾 陆 阿 陈 邵 邰　　八画：青 武 但 林 枚 析 枞 松 枪 杭 取 画 直 若 若千 苗 英 苟 茆 苑 范 昔 幸枣 其 郁 奔 郏 拓跋 招 欧 欧阳 到 卓 尚 呼延 明 盯 畅 昊 昌 易 罗 具 典 国 固 牧 钓 和 知 邾 秀 竺 秉 佴 侠佼 侬 帛 岳 卑 欣 所 郐 念 金 狐 朋 股 鱼 周 於 京 庞 怕 炔 冶 法 泄 沮 郑 单 单于 宝 宗 宗政 宜 官 审 宛 空郎 房 弦 居 练 经 终 盂孙 贯 承　　九画：贰 项 垣 栈 柯 相 相里 柏 柳 胡封 荆 郝 郦 南 南门 南荣 南郭 荀 茹 荣 革查 贲 要 赵 牵 厘 咸 战 临 哈 昭 品 炭 是 显 星 昌 贵 思 积 钞 钟 钟离 钦 钮 复 保 信 侵 侯 段 段干 皇 皇甫泉 禹 须 郗 俞 爱 独 独孤 胜 逢 施 度 恒 闻 闻人 阁 洪 浑 养 宣 宦 室 宫 客 染 姜 娄 祖 神 祝 费 胥 姚 贺贺兰 垒 癸 羿 绕 骆　　十画：班 敖 秦 桂 桓 桥 格 桃 校 耿 都 真 索 袁 壶 壶丘 莽 莱 莫 宰 莞 哥舒聂 晋 栗 贾 颐 夏 夏候 原 顿 挚 柴 虑 党 晁 晏 特 钱 铁 称 造 乘 俸 倚 俱 倪 健 皋 息 隽 徐 殷 翁 爱 奚 卿徐 胶 留 桀 旅 郭 怠 高车 高堂 衷 栾 席 唐 烛 凌 凉 浦 酒 涉 涓 浩 海 徐 浪 瓶 益 宽 家 宾 宰 宰父 容 拳 资诸 诸葛 谈 被 冥 剧 展 陶 姬 娥 能 桑 通　　十一画：理 堵 梅 检 勒 菅 萧 萨 营 黄 曹 曹丘 梦 奢 龚 盛 戚 雪 授 接 辅 彪常 鄂 崔 铨 银 矫 窄 符 第五 犁 偃 偶 假 皎 盘 祭 毫 章 庾 庸 康 鹿 麻 阎 减 清 渊 渔 淳于 盖 敝 寇 宿 梁梁山 梁丘 谒 扈 尉 尉迟 屠 屠羊 屠岸 逯 随 隆 颇 续 巢　　十二画：琴 椒 棘 散 敬 韩 斯 彭 葛 董 蒋 壹 喜 覃 粟 惠 辜 越 殖 雄 提 揭 揣 雅 斐 赏 掌 喻 跋 景 黑 遇 嵇 程 税 策 智 傅 傍 储 焦 御 舒 禽 番 颖 然 鲁 敦 童 湛 温 滑 游 曾 善 寒 富 道 谢 禄 强 疏 缉　　十三画：瑕 槐 楼 赖 靳 甄 献 蒯 勤 蓝 蓟 蓬 蒲 蒙 楚 雷 零 摇 裘 肆 虞 路 嗣 稠 锡 简 微生 腹 解 鲍 詹 雍 裔 廉 烦 阚 满 源 慈 窦 谬 福 褚 裨　　十四画：赫连 慕 慕容 蔡 蔺 蔚 臧 臧孙 辕 僖 噗 憎 箕 管 鲜 鲜于 旗 端 端木 韶 豪 廖 阈漆 雕 漕 赛 谭 谯 暨 熊 翟 缩 缪　　十五画：耦 横 敷 撒 暴 墨 稷 黎 微 樊 滕 颜 潘 豫　　十六画：融 薛 薄 燕 霍 操 冀 黔 镜 穆 儒 衡 嬴　　十七画：檀 鞠 戴 赡 镡 魏 襄 麋 濮　　十八画：瞿　　二十画：壤驷 籍 灌　　二十一画：露　　二十二画：囊 鬻　　PS：按姓氏笔画排序的原则：　　一、笔画数由少到多：少的排在前，多的排在后。　　二、笔画数相同的，按姓氏起次笔排序：即“一(横)、丨(竖)、丿(撇)、丶(捺、点)、冖(折)”的顺序。　　三、同姓一般以姓名的第二个字的笔画多少为序。例如，王大宁和王胜利，“大”的笔画少，排在前；“胜”的笔画多，排在后。如果姓名是两个字，第二个字的位置可按零画对待。（例如，王盛和王大宁，王盛是两个字，而王大宁是三个字，王盛排在前，王大宁排在后。复姓按单姓对待。两个名的第一个字笔画数相同，再看两个名的第二个字的笔画多少。）　　四、姓氏的笔画数相同、起次笔顺序一致的，按姓氏的字形结构排序：先左右形字，再上下形字，后整体形字。（如，同是八画[丨冖]的字，“明”在先，“昌”次之，“国”在后。）　　五、对于姓氏的笔画数相同、起次笔顺序一致，且字形结构相同的，左右形汉字的排序要遵循—— 按“左偏旁”笔画数由少到多的顺序排定之原则。姓氏笔画排序表

楼主太懒了。。

你是要什么姓氏的？是不是没有具体的姓氏？多长时间？有没有资料 更多追问追答 追问 我有一个做了一点的PPT但我只能预览 有的地方做得不到位而且内容很少 讲不到一节课 需要的话我发给你 还在不。。 大哥我要哭了这。/ 本回答由网友推荐

姓氏起源的原则：　　一、笔画数由少到多：少的排在前，多的排在后。　　二、笔画数相同的，按姓氏起次笔排序：即“一(横)、丨(竖)、丿(撇)、丶(捺、点)、冖(折)”的顺序。　　三、同姓一般以姓名的第二个字的笔画多少为序。例如，王大宁和王胜利，“大”的笔画少，排在前；“胜”的笔画多，排在后。如果姓名是两个字，第二个字的位置可按零画对待。（例如，王盛和王大宁，王盛是两个字，而王大宁是三个字，王盛排在前，王大宁排在后。复姓按单姓对待。两个名的第一个字笔画数相同，再看两个名的第二个字的笔画多少。）　　四、姓氏的笔画数相同、起次笔顺序一致的，按姓氏的字形结构排序：先左右形字，再上下形字，后整体形字。（如，同是八画[丨冖]的字，“明”在先，“昌”次之，“国”在后。）　　五、对于姓氏的笔画数相同、起次笔顺序一致，且字形结构相同的，左右形汉字的排序要遵循—— 按“左偏旁”笔画数由少到多的顺序排定之原则。姓氏笔画排序表.

可代做姓氏起源PPT，

下面两个，你可以参考：http://wenku.baidu.com/view/9fc75718a76e58fafab00340.htmlhttp://wenku.baidu.com/view/102422bcfd0a79563c1e72ea.html打开这些链接，右边，和下边，会有更多。

===============Chinese Surname===============A Chinese family name is one of the hundreds or thousands of family names that have been historically used by Han Chinese and Sinicized Chinese ethnic groups in mainland China, Taiwan, and among overseas Chinese communities. In ancient times two types of surnames, family names (Chinese: 姓; pinyin: xìng) and clan names (氏; pinyin: shì), existed.The colloquial expressions lao bai xing (老百姓; lit. "old hundred surnames"), or bǎi xìng (百姓, lit. "hundred surnames") are used in Chinese to mean "ordinary folks", "the people", or "commoners." Bǎi jiā xìng (百家姓) is also used to call the list of one hundred most common surnames.Chinese family names are patrilineal, passed from father to children. (In cases of adoption, the adoptee usually also takes the same surname.) Chinese women, after marriage, typically retain their birth surname. Historically, however, only Chinese men possessed xìng (family name), in addition to shì; the women had only the latter, and took on their husband's xìng after marriage.Origin of surnamesPrior to the Warring States Period (5th century BC), only the royal family and the aristocratic elite could generally take surnames. Historically there was also difference between xing and shi. Xing were surnames held by the immediate royal family. They generally are composed of a nü (女, meaning "female") radical which suggests that they originated from matriarchal societies based on maternal lineages. Another hypothesis has been proposed by sinologist Léon Vandermeersch upon observation of the evolution of characters in oracular scripture from the Shang dynasty through the Zhou. The "female" radical seems to appear at the Zhou period next to Shang sinograms indicating an ethnic group or a tribe. This combination seems to designate specifically a female and could mean "lady of such or such clan". The structure of the xing sinogram could reflect the fact that in the royal court of Zhou, at least in the beginning, only females (wives married into the Zhou family from other clans) were called by their birth clan name, while the men were usually designated by their title or fief.Prior to the Qin Dynasty (3rd century BC) China was largely a feudal society. As fiefdoms were divided and subdivided among descendants, so additional sub-surnames known as shi were created to distinguish between different seniority of lineages among the nobles though in theory they shared the same ancestor. In this way, a nobleman would hold a shi and a xing. After the states of China were unified by Qin Shi Huang in 221 BC, surnames gradually devolved to the lower classes and the difference between xing and shi blurred.Shi surnames, many of which survive to the present day, generally share twelve paths of origin:From xing: These were usually reserved for the central lineage of the royal family, with collateral lineages taking their own shi. Of the six or so common xing, only Jiang (姜) and Yao (姚) have survived as frequently occurring surnames. From royal decree by the Emperor, such as Kwong (邝). From state names: Many commoners took the name of their state, either to show their continuing allegiance or as a matter of national and ethnic identity. Common examples include Song (宋), Wu (吴), Chen (陈). Not surprisingly, due to the population size of the peasantry, these are some of the most common Chinese surnames. From the name of fiefs or place of origin. Fiefdoms were often granted to collateral branches of the aristocracy and it was natural as part of the process of sub-surnaming for their names to be used. An example is Di, Marquis of Ouyangting, whose descendants took the surname Ouyang. There are some two hundred examples of this identified, often of two-character surnames, but few have survived to the present. From the names of ancestors: Like the previous example, this was also a common origin with close to 500 or 600 examples, 200 of which are two-character surnames. Often an ancestor's style name would be used. For example, Yuan Taotu took the second character of his grandfather's style name Boyuan (伯爰) as his surname. Sometimes titles granted to ancestors could also be taken as surnames. From seniority within the family: In ancient usage, the characters of meng (孟), zhong (仲), shu (叔) and ji (季) were used to denote the first, second, third and fourth eldest sons in a family. These were sometimes adopted as surnames. Of these, Meng is the best known, being the surname of philosopher Mencius, for example. From occupation: These could arise from both official positions, as in the case of Sima (司马), originally akin to "Minister of War". They could also arise from more lowly occupations, as with Tao (陶), meaning "potter" or Wu (巫), meaning "shaman". From ethnic groups: Non-Chinese peoples in China sometimes took the name of their ethnic group as surname. The best example is Hu (胡), which originally referred to all "barbarian" groups on the northern frontier of China. Distribution of surnamesSurnames are not evenly distributed throughout China's geography. In northern China, Wang (王) is the most common surname, being shared by 9.9% of the population. Next are Li (李), Zhang (张) and Liu (刘). In the south, Chen (陈) is the most common, being shared by 10.6% of the population. Next are Li (李), Huang (黄), Lin (林) and Zhang (张). Around the major crossing points of the Yangtze River, the most common surname is Li (李), taking up 7.7%, followed by Wang (王), Zhang (张), Chen (陈) and Liu (刘).A 1987 study showed over 450 family names in common use in Beijing, but there were fewer than 300 family names in Fujian.A study by geneticist Yuan Yida has found that of all the people with a particular surname, there tends to be a population concentration in a certain province, as tabled to the right. It does not show, however, the most common surnames in any one province.The 55th most common family name "Xiao" (肖) appears to be very rare in Hong Kong. This is explained by the fact Hong Kong uses traditional Chinese characters not simplified Chinese characters. Originally, the surname 萧 (Xiao) was rather common while the surname 肖 (Xiao) was extremely rare, if not non-existent (it is mentioned only sporadically in historical texts). The first round of simplification in 1956 simplified 萧 into 萧, keeping 萧 and 肖 distinct. However the second-round in 1977, which has long been abolished, merged 萧 and 肖 into 肖. Despite the retraction of the second round, some people have kept 肖 as their surname, so that there are now two separate surnames, 萧 and 肖.Chén (陈) is perhaps the most common surname in Hong Kong and Macau (romanized as Chan) and is also common in Taiwan (romanized as Chen). Fang (方), which is only the 47th most common overall, is much more common in San Francisco's Chinatown in the United States (more often romanized as Fong based on the Cantonese dialect). As with the concentration of family names, this can also be explained statistically, as a person with an uncommon name could move to an unsettled area and leave this family name to large numbers of people.After the Song Dynasty, surname distributions in China largely stabilised. The Kwong family for example, stabilized in Guangdong during the revolts of the Song Dynasty and migrated from the capital in the north. Villages were often made up of individuals with the same surname, often with a common male ancestor. They usually intermarried with nearby villages, creating clusters of individuals with similar genetic background.Surnames at presentOf the thousands of surnames which have been identified from historical texts prior to the Han Dynasty, most have either been lost (via the Galton-Watson process of extinction of family names) or simplified. In recent centuries some two-character surnames have often dropped a character. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, moreover, some surnames have been graphically simplified.Although there are thousands of Chinese family names, the 100 most common surnames, which together make up less than 5% of those in existence, are shared by 85% of the population. The three most common surnames in Mainland China are Li, Wang and Zhang, which make up 7.9%, 7.4% and 7.1% respectively. Together they number close to 300 million and are easily the most common surnames in the world.In a 1990 study, the top 200 family names accounted for over 96% of a random sample of 174,900 persons, with over 500 other names accounting for the remaining 4%. In a different study (1987), which combined data from Taiwan and mainland China (sample size of 570,000 persons), the top 19 names covered 55.6%, and the top 100 names covered 87% of the sample. Other data suggest that the top 50 names comprise 70% of the population.Most commonly occurring Chinese family names have only one character; however, about twenty double-character family names have survived into the modern time. These include Sima (司马), Zhuge (诸葛), Ouyang (欧阳), occasionally romanized as O'Young, giving some Anglophones an Irish impression), and Situ (or Sito 司徒). There are family names with three or more characters, but those are not ethnically Han Chinese. For example, Aixinjueluo (爱新觉罗, also romanized from the Manchu language as Aisin Gioro), was the family name of the Manchu royal family of the Qing dynasty.Transliteration of Chinese family names (see List of common Chinese surnames) into foreign languages poses a number of problems. Chinese surnames are shared by people speaking a number of dialects and languages which often have different pronunciations of their surnames. The Chinese diaspora into all parts of the world resulted in the Romanization of the surnames based on different languages. As a result, it is common for the same surname to be transliterated differently. In certain dialects, different surnames could be homonyms so it is common for family names to appear ambiguous when transliterated. Example: 郑 (pinyin:Zheng) can be romanised into Chang, Cheng, Chung, Teh, Tay, Tee, Zeng or Zheng, (in pinyin, Chang, Cheng, Zheng and Zeng are all different names). Translating Chinese surnames from foreign transliteration often presents ambiguity. For example, the surname "Li" are all mandarin-based pinyin tranliteration for the surnames 黎 (Lí); 李, 理 and 里 (Lǐ); 郦, 郦, 栗, 厉, 厉, and 利 (Lì) depending on the tone which are often omitted in foreign transliterations.Examples of variations in romanisationDue to the different pronunciation and romanisations, it is generally easy to tell whether a Chinese person has origins in mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, or Southeast Asia including Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia. In general people from mainland China will have both their surnames and names in pinyin. Those from Taiwan use Wade-Giles romanisation. People from Southeast Asia (mainly Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia) and Hong Kong usually base their romanisation of surnames and names on Min, Hakka and Cantonese dialects. The younger generation from Singapore predominantly have their surnames in dialect and names in pinyin.There are also people who use non-standard romanisations, eg the Hong Kong media mogul 邵逸夫 Run Run Shaw's surname 邵 is spelt as Shaw, pinyin: Shao. The use of different systems of romanisation based on different Chinese language variants during the 1900~1970 also contributed to the variations.UsageIn writing Chinese names, Chinese family names are placed before the given name, e.g. Cheung Kwok Wing. Hence the Western concept of first name and last name only creates confusion when used with Chinese names. In Westernized Asian countries or for those residing in the West, often a Western name is chosen, e.g. Leslie Cheung (张国荣). When the Western name and Chinese name are put together, it often becomes hard to tell what the family name is. Using Leslie Cheung as an example, some variants include:Zhāng Guóróng — China, transcription using official Hanyu pinyin system, which romanizes Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese characters and adds suprasegmental tone markers. Cheung Kwok-wing — Hong Kong (Cantonese-speaking), romanization of Cantonese pronunciation of Chinese characters. Leslie Cheung Kwok-wing — Hong Kong, hybrid of Western/Chinese. Leslie Kwok-wing Cheung — United States among others, use the Chinese given name 'Kwok-wing' as middle name. Some publications and legal documents will print the family name in small capital letters to allow it to be easily distinguished, e.g. Leslie Cheung Kwok Wing. When no official romanisation exists, translators often will use the transliteration best fit with the locale where the person is originated. For example, the pinyin transcription would be used for a person from Mainland China; Wade-Giles for someone from Taiwan; or a Cantonese-based romanisation for someone from Hong Kong.Chinese women usually retain their maiden names after marriage. Outside of Mainland China they will sometimes place their husbands' family names in front of theirs. For example, former Chief Secretary for Administration of Hong Kong, Mrs. Anson Chan is known as Chan Fang On-sang (陈方安生) where Fang is her maiden name. It is thus, technically possible for a married woman to have a six-character full name if both she and her husband have compounded surnames such as in this hypothetical example: 欧阳司徒美英 or Mrs. Au-Yeung Szeto Mei-ying. Most Hong Kong women retain their own surnames after marriage or choose to be known as Mrs. (husband's surname).The sociological use of surnamesThroughout most of Chinese history, surnames have served sociological functions. Because of their association with the aristocratic elite in their early developments, surnames were often used as symbols of nobility. Thus nobles would use their surnames to be able to trace their ancestry and compete for seniority in terms of hereditary rank. Examples of early genealogies among the royalty can be found in Sima Qian's Historical Records, which contain tables recording the descent lines of noble houses called shibiao (Chinese: 世表; pinyin: shìbiǎo).Later, during the Han Dynasty, these tables were used by prominent families to glorify themselves and sometimes even to legitimise their political power. For example, Cao Pi, who forced the abdication of the last Han emperor in his favour, claimed descent from the Yellow Emperor. Chinese emperors sometimes passed their own surnames to subjects as honours. Unlike European practice in which some surnames are obviously noble, Chinese emperors and members of the royal family had regular surnames except in cases where they came from non-Han ethnic groups. This was a result of Chinese imperial theory in which a commoner could receive the Mandate of Heaven and become emperor. Upon becoming emperor, the emperor would retain his original surname. Also as a consequence, many people also had the same surname as the emperor, but had no direct relation to the royal family.The Tang Dynasty was the last period when the great aristocratic families, mostly descended from the nobility of pre-Qin states, held significant centralised and regional power. The surname was used as a source of prestige and common allegiance. During the period a large number of genealogical records called pudie (simplified Chinese: 谱牒; traditional Chinese: 谱牒; pinyin: pǔdié) were compiled to trace the complex descent lines of clans and their marriage ties to other clans. A large number of these were collected by Ouyang Xiu in his New History of Tang.During the Song Dynasty, ordinary clans began to organise themselves into corporate units and produce genealogies. This trend was led by the poet Su Shi and his father. As competition for resources and positions in the bureaucracy intensified, individuals used their common ancestry and surname to promote solidarity. They established schools to educate their sons and held common lands to aid disadvantaged families. Ancestral temples were also erected to promote surname identity. Clan cohesion was usually encouraged by successive imperial governments since it aided in social stability. During the Qing Dynasty surname associations often undertook extra-judicial roles, providing primitive legal and social security functions. They played important roles in the Chinese diaspora to South-East Asia and elsewhere, providing the infrastructure for the establishment of trading networks. In southern China, however, clans sometimes engaged in armed conflict in competition for land. Of course, clans continued the tradition of tracing their ancestry to the distant past as a matter of prestige. Most of these origin myths, though well established, are spurious.As a result of the importance of surnames, rules and traditions regarding family and marriage grew increasingly complex. For example, in Taiwan, there is a clan with the so-called "double Liao" surname. The story is that the founder of the clan was adopted and so took the surname Liao, but in honor of his ancestors, he demanded that he be buried with the surname Chen. As a result, his descendants use the surname Liao while alive and the surname Chen after death. In some places, there are additional taboos against marriage between people of the same surname, considered to be closely related. Conversely, in some areas, there are different clans with the same surname which are not considered to be related, but even in these cases surname exogamy is generally practiced.Surname identity and solidarity has declined markedly since the 1930s with the decline of Confucianism and later, the rise of Communism in Mainland China. During the Cultural Revolution, surname culture was actively persecuted by the government with the destruction of ancestral temples and genealogies. Moreover, the influx of Western culture and forces of globalisation have also contributed to erode the previous sociological uses of the Chinese surname.Common Chinese surnamesAccording to a study by Li Dongming (李栋明), a Chinese historian, as published in the article "Surname" (姓) in Dongfang Magazine (东方杂志) (1977), the common Chinese surnames are:Top 10 surnames, which together account for about 40% of Chinese people in the world, (transcriptions in Pinyin):Li 李, Wang 王, Zhang 张, Zhao 赵, Chen 陈, Yang 杨, Wu 吴, Liu 刘, Huang 黄, Zhou 周The 11th to 20th common surnames, which together account for more than 10% of Chinese people in the world:Xu 徐, Zhu 朱, Lin 林, Sun 孙, Ma 马, Gao 高, Hu 胡, Zheng 郑, Guo 郭, Xiao 萧The 21st to 30th common surnames, which together account for about 10% of Chinese people in the world:Xie 谢, He 何, Xu 许, Song 宋, Shen 沈, Luo 罗, Han 韩, Deng 邓, Liang 梁, Ye 叶The next 15 common surnames, which together account for about 10% of Chinese people in the world:Fang 方, Cui 崔, Cheng 程、Pan 潘, Cao 曹, Feng 冯, Wang 汪, Cai 蔡, Yuan 袁, Lu 卢, Tang 唐, Qian 钱, Du 杜, Peng 彭, Lu 陆  参考资料： http://english.moonlightchest.com 本回答被提问者采纳

　　自我评价　　1. 目的：帮助员工确定兴趣、价值观、资质以及行为取向，指导员工思考当前所处职业生涯的位置，制定出未来的发展计划，评估个人的职业发展规划与当前所处的环境以及可获得的资源是否匹配。　　2. 公司推行自我评价主要采取如下两种方式：　　（1） 职业兴趣确认：帮助员工确定自己的职业和工作兴趣。　　（2） 自我指导研究：帮助员工确认自己喜欢在哪一种类型的环境下从事工作。　　3. 员工与公司的责任　　（1） 员工的责任：根据自己当前的技能或兴趣与期望的工作之间存在的差距确定改善机会和改善需求。　　（2） 公司的责任：提供评价信息，判断员工的优势、劣势、兴趣与价值观。　　折叠现实审查　　1. 目的：帮助员工了解自身与公司潜在的晋升机会、横向流动等规划是否相符合，以及公司对其技能、知识所作出的评价等信息。　　2. 现实审查中信息传递的方式　　（1） 由员工的上级主管将信息提供作为绩效评价过程的一个组成部分，与员工进行沟通。　　（2） 上级主管与员工举行专门的绩效评价与职业开发讨论，对员工的职业兴趣、优势以及可能参与的开发活动等方面的信息进行交流。　　3. 员工与公司的责任　　（1） 员工的责任：确定哪些需求具有开发的现实性。　　（2） 公司的责任：就绩效评价结果以及员工与公司的长期发展规划相匹配之处与员工进行沟通。　　折叠目标设定　　1. 目的：帮助员工确定短期与长期职业目标。这些目标与员工的期望职位、应用技能水平、工作设定、技能获得等其他方面紧密联系。　　2. 目标设定的方式：员工与上级主管针对目标进行讨论，并记录于员工的开发计划中。　　3. 员工与公司的责任　　（1） 员工的责任：确定目标和判断目标进展状况。　　（2） 公司的责任：确保目标是具体的、富有挑战性的、可以实现的；承诺并帮助员工达成目标。　　折叠行动规划　　1. 目的：帮助员工决定如何才能达成自己的短期与长期的职业生涯目标。　　2. 行动计划的方式：主要取决于员工开发的需求以及开发的目标，可采用安排员工参加培训课程和研讨会、获得新的工作经验、获得更多的评价等方式。　　3. 员工与公司的责任　　（1） 员工的责任：制定达成目标的步骤及时间表。　　公司的责任：确定员工在达成目标时所需要的资源，其中包括课程、工作经验以及关系等。　　折叠编辑本段基本步骤　　每个人都渴望成功，但并非都能如愿。了解自己、有坚定的奋斗目标，并按照情况的变化及时调整自己的计划，才有可能实现成功的愿望。这就需要进行职业生涯的自我规划。职业生涯规划的步骤是：　　自我评估　　自我评估包括对自己的兴趣、特长、性格的了解，也包括对自己的学识、技能、智商、情商的测试，以及对自己思维方式、思维方法、道德水准的评价等等。自我评估的目的，是认识自己、了解自己，从而对自己所适合的职业和职业生涯目标做出合理的抉择。　　职业生涯机会的评估　　职业生涯机会的评估，主要是评估周边各种环境因素对自己职业生涯发展的影响。在制定个人的职业生涯规划时，要充分了解所处环境的特点、掌握职业环境的发展变化情况、明确自己在这个环境中的地位以及环境对自己提出的要求和创造的条件等等。只有对环境因素充分了解和把握，才能做到在复杂的环境中避害趋利，使你的职业生涯规划具有实际意义。环境因素评估主要包括：组织环境、政治环境、社会环境、经济环境。　　确定职业发展目标　　俗话说：“志不立，天下无可成之事。”立志是人生的起跑点，反映着一个人的理想、胸怀、情趣和价值观。在准确地对自己和环境做出了评估之后，我们可以确定适合自己、有实现可能的职业发展目标。在确定职业发展的目标时要注意自己性格、兴趣、特长与选定职业的比配，更重要的是考察自己所处的内外环境与职业目标是否相适应，不能妄自菲薄，也不能好高骛远。合理、可行的职业生涯目标的确立决定了职业发展中的行为和结果，是制定职业生涯规划的关键。　　选择职业生涯发展路线　　在职业目标确定后，向哪一路线发展，如是走技术路线，还是管理路线，是走技术+管理即技术管理路线，还是先走技术路线、再走管理路线等，此时要做出选择。由于发展路线不同，对职业发展的要求也不同。因此，在职业生涯规划中，必须对发展路线做出抉择，以便及时调整自己的学习、工作以及各种行动措施沿着预定的方向前进。　　制定职业生涯行动计划与措施　　在确定了职业生涯的终极目标并选定职业发展的路线后，行动便成了关键的环节。这里所指的行动，是指落实目标的具体措施，主要包括工作、培训、教育、轮岗等方面的措施。对应自己行动计划可将职业目标进行分解，即分解为短期目标、中期目标和长期目标，其中短期目标可分为日目标、周目标、月目标、年目标，中期目标一般为三至五年；长期目标为五至十年。分解后的目标有利于跟踪检查，同时可以根据环境变化制定和调整短期行动计划，并针对具体计划目标采取有效措施。职业生涯中的措施主要指为达成既定目标，在提高工作效率、学习知识、掌握技能、开发潜能等方面选用的方法。行动计划要对应相应的措施，要层层分解、具体落实，细致的计划与措施便于进行定时检查和及时调整。　　评估与回馈　　影响职业生涯规划的因素很多，有的变化因素是可以预测的，而有的变化因素难以预测。在此状态下，要使职业生涯规划行之有效，就必须不断地对职业生涯规划执行情况进行评估。首先，要对年度目标的执行情况进行总结，确定哪些目标已按计划完成，哪些目标未完成。然后，对未完成目标进行分析，找出未完成原因及发展障碍，制定相应解决障碍的对策及方法。最后，依据评估结果对下年的计划进行修订与完善。如果有必要，也可考虑对职业目标和路线进行修正，但一定要谨慎考虑。 本回答由提问者推荐

人家可以帮你排版，但内容总要自己写吧，呵呵

PPT,就是Power Point简称.Power Point PowerPoint 2010是美国微软公司出品的办公软件系列重要组件之一(还有Excel,Word等)。Microsoft Office PowerPoint 是一种演示文稿图形程序，Power Point是功能强大的演示文稿制作软件。可协助用户独自或联机创建永恒的视觉效果。它增强了多媒体支持功能，利用Power Point制作的文稿，可以通过不同的方式播放，也可将演示文稿打印成一页一页的幻灯片，使用幻灯片机或投影仪播放,可以将演示文稿保存到光盘中以进行分发，并可在幻灯片放映过程中播放音频流或视频流。对用户界面进行了改进并增强了对智能标记的支持，可以更加便捷地查看和创建高品质的演示文稿。